Planning in Islington

Culture and the Night-Time Economy

A. New cultural uses should be located in the CAZ or Town Centres, particularly in Cultural Quarters. Such uses should: (i) complement existing uses in the surrounding area and mitigate/prevent any adverse impacts on the amenity and continued operation, of these uses, in line with the 'agent-of-change' principle; (ii) be accessible by a range of sustainable transport modes, including walking, cycling and public transport; and (iii) provide high quality buildings that are designed to be inclusive, accessible and flexible. B. Proposals involving the redevelopment, re-provision of cultural uses, intensification of existing cultural uses (except for public houses), or the provision of new cultural uses, including in locations outside of the CAZ and Town Centres must: (i) ensure that the function and role of the existing cultural use is not diminished or put at risk by any proposed changes, particularly where proposals involve development of other uses (including sensitive uses such as residential) as part of mixed use redevelopment; (ii) provide high quality buildings that are designed to be inclusive, accessible and flexible, and in the case of proposals for intensification, explore opportunities to improve design standards in existing buildings; (iii) be conditioned to ensure retention of the specific cultural use; and (iv) where there is a significant intensification of the cultural use, incorporate appropriate measures to limit effects of sound, vibration and other effects of the re-provided/intensified cultural use on existing and potential future land uses in the area, in line with the 'agent-of-change' principle. (v) where use is only intended to operate during evening/night-time hours, investigate potential for allowing daytime uses to activate the space, including on a meanwhile basis. C. The loss and/or change of use of cultural facilities in the borough will be strongly resisted. Any proposals for the loss and/or change of use of such facilities must: (i) demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used for continued cultural use or other suitable cultural uses. Marketing should also be considered for main town centre uses consistent with the character and function of the area where relevant. Such evidence must meet the marketing and vacancy requirements set out in Appendix 1; (ii) ensure that the character of an area and/or any wider cultural function is not adversely impacted by the loss; and (iii) ensure that the proposed use is appropriate for the area, including through assessment against the agent-of-change Policy DH5.

Social and Community Infrastructure

A. The Council will support proposals to provide new and/or extended social and community infrastructure facilities and their co-location with other social and community uses, subject to an assessment of need by the Council and against all relevant Local Plan policies. B. Social and community infrastructure will be funded through the CIL and/or section 106 planning obligations (as appropriate). In addition, new and/or extended on-site provision of social and community infrastructure may be required as part of the supporting infrastructure for significant new housing and mixed-use development proposals, in order to mitigate the impacts of the development on local services and meet the needs of occupiers. C. Where a proposed social and community infrastructure use/facility is deemed necessary to mitigate the impacts of existing or proposed development (e.g. a health centre to serve the residents of a large housing scheme), that specific use will be secured at planning stage. D. Where new and/or extended social and community infrastructure is provided on-site it must be designed in line with criteria in Part H. E. The Council will not permit any loss of social and community infrastructure uses unless: (i) a replacement facility is provided on-site. Any facility must be of at least equivalent quality, quantity and accessibility to that of the existing facility, and must be consistent with Part H. It must, in the Council's view, ensure that the needs of the local population will continue to be met to at least the same level as the existing use; or (ii) the existing use or another social and community infrastructure use is not required on site, demonstrated through: a. provision of marketing and vacancy evidence to assess continued demand for the existing use and all other suitable social and community infrastructure uses that could be accommodated on site. Evidence must be provided for a period of at least 12 months, in line with Appendix 1; and b. provision of a Community Needs Assessment detailing why the site cannot support social and community infrastructure uses and why the existing use is no longer required on-site as well as demonstrating that the needs of service users have been considered before making recommendations/submitting proposals involving replacement or relocation or consolidation of services; or (iii) The proposal involves the loss/reduction/relocation of social and community infrastructure uses as part of a rationalisation of a recognised public sector body's estates programme. The applicant will be required to provide a Community Needs Assessment demonstrating details of rationalisation, including that they have considered the needs of service users as part of any rationalisation strategy. F. Where, in the Council's view, there is an ongoing need for the service/facility currently operating from the site and it cannot be re-provided as part of the proposed development, its loss will not be permitted unless the applicant has secured provision of at least equivalent quality, quantity and accessibility which meets criteria set out in Part H. The Community Needs Assessment must demonstrate that they have considered the needs of service users before making recommendations/submitting proposals involving the loss, relocation or consolidation of services. G. Development resulting in the provision of new social and community infrastructure that is not generally accessible to the public, such as school sports facilities, will be required to enter into Community Use Agreements to allow and promote access to the facility by local communities. H. New social and community infrastructure and, where applicable, extensions to existing infrastructure must: (i) be located in areas convenient for the communities they serve and accessible by a range of sustainable transport modes, including walking, cycling and public transport; (ii) provide buildings that are inclusive, accessible, flexible, sustainable and which provide design and space standards which meet the needs of intended occupants; (iii) provide appropriate drop-off/pick-up facilities for disabled people; (iv) be sited to maximise shared use of the facility, particularly for sports, recreational and community uses; and (v) complement existing uses and the character of the area, and avoid adverse impacts on the amenity of surrounding uses. I. Proposals involving new/redeveloped social and community infrastructure should provide free, publicly available provision of accessible toilet, baby change and drinking water facilities. 'Changing Places' toilets will be required in appropriate social and community facilities in building types as specified within Approved Document M, Volume 2. Changing Places toilets will be especially encouraged in town centres, and other areas with high footfall.

Play space

A. The Council will strongly resist the loss of existing play spaces across the borough unless replacement play space of equivalent size and functionality is provided to meet the needs of the local population. Any replacement space must be provided on-site or in the immediate vicinity, and access must be unrestricted which will be secured by S106 agreement. B. The Council will protect all twelve of the borough's adventure playgrounds designated on the Policies Map and listed in Appendix 6. C. All major residential development must make appropriate on-site provision for free to-use publicly accessible play space, which is suitable for children and young people of all ages and abilities. Provision must be proportionate to the anticipated increase in child population as a result of development proposals. All proposed provision of new play space within development sites must be designed in partnership with Islington Council, in line with any relevant best practice standards. Where on-site publicly accessible play space is provided details of ongoing management and maintenance will be secured by condition. D. All developments (including large-scale public realm schemes) must provide playable public space where possible, in addition to any formal play space provision. This play space should encourage children and young people to move around freely and safely through streets and footpath networks that connect to more formal play provision, green spaces and parks.

Health Impact Assessment

A. The Council will require all major developments, and developments where potential health issues are likely to arise, to complete a screening assessment as early as possible in the development process, to determine whether a full Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is required. B. Where the screening assessment identifies that a full HIA is required, this must be prepared as early as possible in the development process so that potential health gains can be maximised and any negative impacts can be mitigated. HIAs, where required, should be submitted at the planning application stage and must be proportionate to the scale of the development. C. The scope of any HIA must be agreed with the Council's Public Health department, and must be informed by relevant Council guidance. D. Where a HIA is carried out and specific measures are identified to mitigate health impact or enhance health benefits, they will be secured through a legal agreement and/or condition as appropriate.

Tall Buildings

A. Buildings of more than 30 metres are considered to be tall buildings. B. Buildings of more than 30 metres are only acceptable in-principle: (i) on sites allocated in the Local Plan where the allocation makes specific reference to suitability for heights of 30 metres or more; and/or (ii) within specific sites identified in a Spatial Strategy area. C. On sites identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings under this policy, development must not exceed the maximum building heights for that site, as set out in the site allocation and in Table 8.1 below. D. Proposals for buildings of more than 30 metres are only acceptable where they fully satisfy the criteria identified in Part E. E. Tall buildings must be high quality in accordance with Policy PLAN1. The designs of tall buildings must consider the individual and cumulative visual, functional, and environmental impacts, avoid negative impacts through good design, and mitigate any remaining negative impacts as far as possible. The following criteria must be fully satisfied: Visual Impact (i) Protect the legibility and identity of the area by creating a positive landmark within the townscape and creating a strong sense of place; (ii) Protect or enhance strategic and local views; (iii) Conserve and seek to enhance the significance of designated and non-designated heritage assets and their settings, relative to their respective significance (including in neighbouring boroughs where impacted); (iv) Be proportionate and compatible to their surroundings and the character of the area; (v) Promote exceptional design, through high quality design details and material, positively contribute to the skyline and to the immediate locality, and having regard to any site-specific design principles set out in the relevant site allocations and/or Spatial Strategy area policy, and other relevant design policies; (vi) Provide an appropriate transition from the taller section of a building to the lower volume relating to the streetscape and surrounding context and ensuring a human scale street level experience; (vii) Protect or enhance the settings of local landmarks; Functional Impact (viii) Not prejudice the ongoing functionality, amenity, operation and/or development potential of sites in the local area including neighbouring boroughs, taking into account the individual impact of the proposal and cumulative impacts of existing and permitted development in the area (all development not just tall buildings); (ix) Ensure that impacts on the levels of daylight and sunlight – both into and between proposed buildings and for adjoining land or properties - are fully assessed and found to be acceptable; and that unacceptable overshadowing is prevented; (x) Demonstrate how the building will operate and function to provide good levels of amenity for all building users, through provision of a detailed building management plan which details how the proposed building will operate in various circumstances, including emergency procedures. Plans must include information on peak time ingress and egress and the interaction with local and strategic infrastructure; delivery and servicing; vertical transportation; waste arrangements; emergency escape routes and other relevant building services; Environmental impact (xi) Promote exceptional sustainable design standards; (xii) Demonstrate that development does not adversely impact, either individually or cumulatively, on the microclimate of the surrounding area, including the proposal site and any public space in close proximity to the site. This may require submission of detailed assessments and/or modelling work; and (xiii) Demonstrate that development does not have any adverse individual or cumulative impacts on biodiversity, including watercourses and water bodies and their hydrology. F. Buildings that do not meet the tall building criteria in Part A but which are still considered prominent in their surrounding context, for example twice the contextual reference height, must respond appropriately to local contextual building heights and be compatible to their surroundings and the character of the area consistent with other relevant policies.

Building heights

A. Buildings of more than 30 metres are considered to be tall buildings. B. Buildings of more than 30 metres are only acceptable in-principle: (i) on sites allocated in the Local Plan where the allocation makes specific reference to suitability for heights of 30 metres or more; and/or (ii) within specific sites identified in a Spatial Strategy area. C. On sites identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings under this policy, development must not exceed the maximum building heights for that site, as set out in the site allocation and in Table 8.1 below. D. Proposals for buildings of more than 30 metres are only acceptable where they fully satisfy the criteria identified in Part E. E. Tall buildings must be high quality in accordance with Policy PLAN1. The designs of tall buildings must consider the individual and cumulative visual, functional, and environmental impacts, avoid negative impacts through good design, and mitigate any remaining negative impacts as far as possible. The following criteria must be fully satisfied: Visual Impact (i) Protect the legibility and identity of the area by creating a positive landmark within the townscape and creating a strong sense of place; (ii) Protect or enhance strategic and local views; (iii) Conserve and seek to enhance the significance of designated and non-designated heritage assets

Basement development

A. All basement development must be proportionate to its site and context. B. The Council will only permit basement development where it is demonstrated to its satisfaction that the proposal would not cause an unacceptable degree of harm to: (i) the structural stability of the existing building, nearby buildings, trees and any infrastructure; (ii) the structural, ground, or water conditions of the area; (iii) the architectural character of the building; (iv) the character and amenity of the area; or (v) the significance of heritage assets including conservation areas and listed buildings. C. Applicants proposing basement development must provide evidence of the impact of basement development in the form of a Structural Method Statement (SMS), which satisfies the criteria in Part B. D. For residential basement development (including extensions): (i) a basement must cumulatively occupy less than 50% of the original garden and/or unbuilt area; or the area of a basement which is outside the footprint of the host building must total no more than 50% of the area of the footprint of the host building, whichever is the lesser; (ii) a basement must not involve excavation of more than one (1) storey below the lowest original habitable floor level; (iii) the height of a basement must not exceed 3m floor to ceiling height; (iv) where considered appropriate in the local context, lightwells and other external manifestations must be modest in size, discreetly located, and designed to protect and enhance the character and appearance of the area; (v) basements must be designed to preserve existing gardens, and must reinforce the visual relief that soft landscaping between buildings provides; and (vi) basement development must not significantly alter the prevailing garden level.

Advertisements

A. Advertisements must: (i) be high quality in terms of visual appearance, and must not have flashing internal or external illumination; (ii) be sited to prevent visual intrusion by virtue of light pollution into adjoining sensitive land uses, including residential properties and wildlife habitats; (iii) not restrict pedestrian movements; (iv) contribute to a safe and attractive environment; (v) not contribute to proliferation/clutter of signage in the vicinity; and (vi) respect local context, including listed buildings and conservation areas. B. Temporary shroud advertisements which cover buildings being redeveloped or which are undergoing refurbishment may be acceptable where: (i) they are in place only for the duration of the building works, or a period of 12 months (whichever is shorter); (ii) there have been no shroud advertisements on the specific building for the preceding 12 months; and (iii) the dimensions of the shroud advertisement are no greater than that of the building. C. The repurposing of phone boxes for predominantly advertising use will not be acceptable, particularly in conservation areas and in proximity to other heritage assets including listed buildings. D. The Council will seek the removal of deemed consent rights for the display of estate agents' boards where they are damaging the character and appearance of an area.

Shopfronts

A. New or refurbished shopfront design must: (i) respect the local street scene, the building as a whole and its design detail; (ii) be accessible and inclusive; and (iii) enhance natural surveillaance and activate the frontage B. Shops that are converted to residential uses (including through permitted development) must retain the shopfront fenestration and natural surveillance of the street.

Public art

A. Provision of high quality public art is encouraged as part of new development, where this does not constrain other higher priority Local Plan policies and objectives. B. All new public art must: (i) be developed in consultation with the community in which it is located; (ii) protect and enhance local character; (iii) ensure that it does not compromise the delivery of sustainability or inclusive design policy objectives; (iv) be site specific in terms of the design and concept; (v) be visible and able to be enjoyed from a publicly accessible location; and (vi) require minimal maintenance and (where necessary) decommissioning works.

Site appraisal, design principles and process

A. All forms of development are required to be of a high quality and make a positive contribution to local character, legibility and distinctiveness, based upon an up-to-date understanding and evaluation of the defining characteristics of an area. Any development which does not take the opportunities available for improving the character and quality of an area and the way it functions will be refused. B. To ensure that the vision and objectives of the Local Plan are realised, all development in Islington must, from the very first iteration of the proposal, comply with four key design principles: (i) Contextual – all development must make efficient use of sites/buildings, by responding to and enhancing the existing site context (which could extend beyond the site itself); not undermining the quality of existing development and streetscape; and ensuring that the development capacity of a site is fully realised. A good level of amenity must be provided, including consideration of noise and the impact of disturbance, hours of operation, vibration, pollution (such as air, light and noise), fumes between and within developments, overshadowing, overlooking, privacy, direct sunlight and daylight, over-dominance, sense of enclosure and outlook. (ii) Connected – development must improve permeability and movement through areas and the quality, clarity and sense of spaces around and between buildings. All opportunities to repair fragmented urban form should be taken. Proposals must improve safety and promote positive social contact, behaviours and community cohesion, including through creation or enhancement of effective places to dwell, and through increased natural surveillance. Development must sustain and reinforce a variety and mix of uses in line with any relevant land use priorities of the Local Plan. No proposal should unduly prejudice the satisfactory development or operation of adjoining land and/or the development of the surrounding area as a whole. (iii) Inclusive – development must be adaptable, functional and resilient, and able to respond to the spatial, social and economic needs of the borough's increasingly diverse communities and their different and evolving demands. This includes sustaining and reinforcing a variety and mix of uses in line with any relevant land use priorities of the Local Plan. (iv) Sustainable – development must be durable and adaptable, and contribute to the creation of a vibrant, liveable, enduring city. All development must consider social, environmental and economic elements jointly and simultaneously, guiding development towards sustainable solutions. C. The process of developing and designing a proposal which addresses the four key design principles will only be effective where it is informed by a comprehensive site appraisal. All development proposals must submit a site appraisal comprising the information below, commensurate with the scale, location and potential impact of the proposal; major developments and smaller developments on sites in prominent or sensitive locations will likely be required to address many, if not all, of the criteria. Information must be demonstrated/evidenced through provision of detailed clear and accurate drawings and relevant written statements: (i) architectural and design quality and detailing, such as colour, type, source and texture of detailing and materials used. Construction detailing must be unified, visually attractive, robust and maintenance free; poorly-detailed and undeliverable built forms are not appropriate; (ii) details of historic context, such as distinctive local built form, significance and character of any designated and non-designated heritage assets, scale and details that contribute to its character as a place; (iii) an assessment of the urban form, such as building lines, frontages, plot sizes and patterns, building heights, storey heights and massing; (iv) movement and spatial patterns, such as definition, scale, use, detailing and surface treatment of routes and spaces; (v) considerations of the local landscape and natural features, such as topography, trees, boundary treatments, planting and biodiversity; this must be informed by appropriate information including, where relevant, a tree survey and analysis of the local ecology and green links; (vi) visual context, particularly strategic, local and other site specific views (e.g. local landmarks), skylines and silhouettes, and scale and form of townscape set pieces or urban compositions; (vii) daylight and sunlight levels, based on relevant best practice/guidance; (viii) surface water flows and opportunities to capture them; (ix) existing features and patterns of use including housing, entertainment, commercial, community and play activities; (x) details of infrastructure provision, including existing and planned infrastructure, and any impacts that the proposed development will have on this existing and/or planned provision; (xi) the accessibility (physical, social, and economic) of the street in context; including technical survey information and feedback on user experience of the street; (xii) safety in design, including consideration of access, materials and site management strategies; (xiii) plan(s) showing the location of utilities above and below ground, and, where proposals may impact on ongoing operation of utilities, evidence of engagement with relevant utilities providers; (xiv) traffic, including pedestrian flows at different times of the day and week, and an analysis of what modal shift might be possible; and (xv) assessment of route and place qualities. D. All elements of proposed building designs must be demonstrably deliverable. Any proposals which are considered likely to employ 'value engineering' approaches, which dilute the design quality of approved schemes and often make schemes difficult to maintain, will be resisted.

Delivering business floorspace

A. In line with the Local Plan objectives, in particular the aim to deliver an inclusive economy, the Council will seek to cultivate a diverse and vibrant economic base through requiring development to provide a range of workspace types and unit sizes, which are affordable for a range of occupiers, including established and emerging enterprises, and SMEs. B. New business floorspace will be focused in the CAZ, Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP area, the CAZ fringe Spatial Strategy areas of Angel and Upper Street and Kings Cross and Pentonville Road, PELs and Locally Significant Industrial Sites. Proposals in these areas must make efficient use of land by providing new business floorspace; proposals which do not will be considered to be an inefficient use of a site and will be refused. C. For Islington, evidence estimates that there is an office need of 443,000sqm for the plan period. The Council is committed to ensuring there is an adequate supply of business space in line with job growth projections and will protect existing business space throughout the borough through implementing planning policies which seek to ensure, at least, no net loss of business floorspace as per Policy B3, and through the making of Article 4 Directions, where appropriate. D. The Council will aim to secure space that fosters the development and expansion of businesses, particularly space suitable for start-ups and small businesses. This includes the delivery of affordable workspace as required in Policy B4; and the provision of small units suitable for SMEs. E. Islington's Locally Significant Industrial Sites are the focus for new industrial uses, namely light industrial, B2 general industrial and B8 storage and distribution uses, and Sui Generis uses which are akin to industrial uses. Existing industrial land and floorspace will be safeguarded and any future proposals will be considered in line with Policy B2: New business floorspace, Policy B3: Existing business floorspace and Policy SP3: Vale Royal/Brewery Road Locally Significant Industrial Site as relevant to the proposals. The renewal, modernisation and intensification of industrial uses will be encouraged. F. Development in the borough must provide jobs and training opportunities/support.

New business floorspace

A. New business floorspace will be directed to the locations identified in (i) to (iii) below (and shown on Figure 4.1) to support the specific role and function of each of the locations. The Council will use conditions on future proposals to ensure that specific uses such as new office, research and development and light industrial floorspace are secured in these locations. Proposals must maximise the provision of business floorspace in line with the priorities for each location. Proposals involving existing business floorspace must prioritise the intensification, renewal and modernisation of this business floorspace throughout the borough and particularly in the locations set out below. (i) CAZ and Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP area: office uses are the clear priority in this area, in order to support London's strategic business role. The primary economic function of the CAZ and AAP area depends on maintaining and enhancing office uses. A range of workspace typologies are supported, including Grade A offices, serviced offices, co-working spaces, hybrid workspace and other types of flexible workspace and lower specification office space suitable for SMEs and business services. Residential uses are not a key priority in this location. Policy AAP1: Prioritising office use of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP sets out when residential uses may be considered acceptable in this area. (ii) CAZ fringe Spatial Strategy areas – Angel and Upper Street; and King's Cross and Pentonville Road: New business floorspace is a priority in these Spatial Strategy areas, particularly on White Lion Street, Pentonville Road and upper floor locations across Angel Town Centre. A variety of business floorspace typologies is encouraged along Pentonville Road and around Kings Cross/York Way, including business space which meets the needs of SMEs. Spatial policies SP2: King's Cross and Pentonville Road and SP4: Angel and Upper Street set out when residential uses may be considered acceptable in this area. (iii) Priority Employment Locations (PELs): Growth and intensification of business uses to provide for the SME sector, as well as meeting local/specialist needs, is the key priority within these areas. Increasing provision of space that is appropriate to meet the diverse needs of the SME economy is supported. Business floorspace should be prioritised in these areas. The provision of non-business uses will be managed in line with Policy B3: Existing business floorspace. B. The introduction of uses that could undermine the specific economic function of the locations identified in Part A will be resisted. C. In LSISs shown on Figure 4.1, the overriding priority land uses are industrial uses (light industrial, B2 general industrial, B8 storage and distribution and Sui Generis uses which are akin to industrial uses). The retention and intensification of industrial uses will be required as part of any proposal within a LSIS. The light industrial element of Class E continues to be sought in the LSIS and will be secured through condition. The provision of hybrid space is supported. The co-location of industrial use with office and/or research and development uses will be permitted where there would be an intensification of industrial use on the site (either through new floorspace or the redevelopment/modernisation of existing floorspace) and it can be demonstrated that the continued industrial function of the LSIS would remain. The introduction of some non-industrial uses could undermine the primary industrial economic function of LSISs and will therefore only be allowed where proposals comply with the co-location criteria as set out above and/or Policy B3: Existing business floorspace, Part D, where relevant. D. All development proposals within LSISs must prevent or mitigate impacts on air quality, in line with Policy S7: Improving air quality and promote sustainable transport in line with Policies T2: Sustainable transport choices and T5: Delivery, servicing and construction. Proposals for industrial uses which would lead to a significant increase in vehicle movements may potentially have particular impacts on air quality, and will be required to put in place robust, specific mitigation measures to minimise the impacts. E. Proposals for office, research and development and light industrial floorspace that meets local and/or wider demand should be located on upper floors in the Primary Shopping Area of designated Town Centres consistent with Policy R2, but are considered suitable on any floor elsewhere in designated Town Centres and in LSAs subject to the relevant criteria in Policies R3 and R4 respectively. F. Outside of the locations mentioned in Parts A, C and E, new business floorspace is acceptable where it would not detract from the character of the local area; and would not detrimentally impact on residential amenity. Proposals for new business floorspace in these locations must be accessible to all in accordance with the priority for sustainable modes of transport set out in Policy T1, and must not prejudice the overall aim of reducing the need to travel. G. All development proposals involving non-industrial business floorspace (including affordable workspace provided in line with Policy B4) must have regard to the following: (i) Business floorspace must allow for future flexibility for a range of occupiers, including future subdivision and/or amalgamation, and provide a range of unit types and sizes, including a significant proportion of small units, particularly for SMEs. Full separation of business and residential floorspace is required where business floorspace forms part of a mixed use residential development. (ii) Provision of a good level of amenity for occupiers of the business floorspace, including adequate levels of daylight and sunlight; and access to communal/ancillary facilities including meeting rooms. (iii) The development of new business floorspace must incorporate the highest inclusive design standards achievable in context, and meet the travel and transport needs of those for whom public transport remains inaccessible. (iv) Applicants must clearly demonstrate how the design of proposals individually and cumulatively contribute to providing the range of spaces required to support the primary function/sector of the particular area in which it is located. (v) Ancillary uses must be clearly linked to the operation of the business floorspace. H. Proposals for new industrial and warehousing uses must provide: (i) satisfactory access and servicing, including off-street loading, appropriate delivery arrangements in line with Policy T5, and adequate yard space; and (ii) good quality design which provides space that is adaptable to meet the needs of a range of industrial uses and occupiers, including sufficient clear internal ceiling/eaves heights and loads, and adequate goods lifts. I. Where proposed, live-work units will be considered to be C3 residential floorspace and will not be considered business or employment floorspace. Such units will not contribute towards the maximisation requirement set out in Part A of this policy. Existing live/work units are classed as business floorspace; proposals involving the change of use/loss of existing live/work units will be assessed against Policy B3: Existing business floorspace.

Existing business floorspace

A. The Council will protect existing business floorspace throughout the borough. B. Proposals resulting in the net loss of business floorspace within the CAZ, Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP area, PELs, LSISs, Town Centres, LSAs, and non-designated locations, either through change of use or redevelopment, will be refused unless there are exceptional circumstances which demonstrate: (i) there is no demand for the use of the floorspace, unit, building and/or site for a business use appropriate to the role and function of the area. Evidence must be submitted demonstrating that such space has been vacant and continuously marketed for a period of at least 24 months, in line with Appendix 1. There is no requirement for business floorspace to be vacant before the start of the marketing period, however evidence of vacancy will be required at the time of application. For proposals for loss of Class E, this must include marketing for the current use as well as other Class E uses (where a particular element of Class E has been secured by condition Part C applies); and (ii) the loss of business floorspace – either individually or cumulatively – would not compromise the operation of the wider area, and that the proposed non-business use is compatible with existing uses (including consideration of amenity impacts on uses in the vicinity). Or (iii) where it can be robustly evidenced that the existing building and/or site is no longer suitable for its existing business use and the existing building and/or site cannot reasonably be redeveloped for continued business use. C. For proposals where the business floorspace is conditioned to be within a particular Class E use, the property must be marketed for that particular use for at least 6 months to demonstrate that there is no longer demand for that use before being able to utilise full Class E flexibility, as set out in Appendix 1. D. Where existing business uses are industrial in nature – i.e. light industrial uses (subject to provisions of Class E), B2 general industrial or B8 storage and distribution uses, or Sui Generis uses which are akin to industrial uses – net loss of floorspace will only be allowed where the following marketing requirements have been met: (i) marketing requirements for proposals involving the net loss of industrial uses within the LSIS must market the floorspace for continued industrial use; (ii) where a proposal is outside an LSIS, marketing must be primarily for industrial use but could include marketing for other business uses (offices and research and development) as a potential option.

Affordable Workspace

A. Within the CAZ (excluding Vale Royal/Brewery Road LSIS), Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP area and CAZ fringe Spatial Strategy areas, major development proposals involving 2,500sqm or more net additional office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace must incorporate 10% affordable workspace (as a proportion of proposed office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace GIA) to be leased to the Council at a peppercorn rent in perpetuity. B. Within the Vale Royal/Brewery Road Locally Significant Industrial Site (LSIS) and other LSISs, major development proposals involving 3,000sqm or more net additional office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace must incorporate 10% affordable workspace (as a proportion of proposed office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace GIA) to be leased to the Council at a peppercorn rent for a period of 20 years. C. Within the remaining Town Centres and PELs, major development proposals involving 2,500sqm or more net additional office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace must incorporate 10% affordable workspace (as a proportion of proposed office and/or research and development and/or a Sui Generis use akin to office/research and development floorspace GIA) to be leased to the Council at a peppercorn rent for a period of 20 years. D. All proposals which provide affordable workspace must prepare an Affordable Workspace Statement to be submitted alongside the relevant planning application. E. Affordable workspace must be built to at least Category A fit out, and must provide a high standard of amenity for occupiers, including access to relevant servicing and facilities. F. Proposals for major commercial development not covered by Parts A to C – such as hotels and retail – may be required to provide affordable workspace and/or affordable retail space, subject to viability. Priority will be given to on-site provision. G. Site-specific viability assessments will only be accepted in exceptional circumstances. This could include: (a) where a significant shift in macro-economic conditions has occurred which has a demonstrable negative impact on the delivery of development. (b) where a development is proposed which is of a wholly different type and is therefore not reflected by any of the typologies used in the viability assessment that informed the Local Plan. (c) where a development is proposed which demonstrates a very close alignment to a typology shown to be unviable at full policy compliance in the viability assessment that informed the Local Plan. Where site-specific viability assessments are accepted, proposals must provide the maximum viable amount of onsite affordable workspace, informed by detailed viability evidence consistent with the Development Viability SPD. Where the Council accepts a level of affordable workspace that does not comply with policy requirements, the Council will impose a late stage review mechanism which would be triggered three months prior to practical completion and will reassess the construction costs and commercial values of the scheme at that point in time. H. Off-site financial contributions for affordable workspace may be sought in exceptional circumstances. The following exceptional circumstances may be considered: (i) Where the affordable workspace to be provided on site does not meet the qualitative criteria, and where it can be demonstrated that the on-site provision of such workspace is inappropriate. (ii) Where a proposal demonstrates exceptional circumstances outlined in Part G, a site-specific financial viability assessment can also be used to determine the maximum viable off-site affordable workspace financial contribution. I. On mixed use proposals which deliver on-site affordable housing, in exceptional circumstances, where the provision of affordable workspace will undermine the ability to the scheme to secure affordable housing compliant with the Policy H3: Genuinely affordable housing, the provision of affordable housing will take priority.

Jobs and training opportunities

A. On-site construction job and training opportunities for local residents are required from developments of 10 residential units or above; hotels, student accommodation or hostels with 20 or more rooms; and non-residential developments with an uplift in floorspace of 1,000sqm GEA or greater of employment floorspace. B. Financial contributions from all major developments to help support initiatives which tackle worklessness will be sought having regard to the Planning Obligations (Section 106) SPD and its future updates and/or other relevant supplementary documents.

Vale Royal/Brewery Road Locally Significant Industrial Site

A. The Vale Royal/Brewery Road Locally Significant Industrial Site (LSIS) will be retained and strengthened as the borough's most significant industrial location. The principal objective in this area is to retain industrial land and intensify light industrial, B2 general industry and B8 storage and distribution uses, including Sui Generis uses akin to these industrial uses. Light industrial use is now part of Class E and continues to be sought in the LSIS. For proposals involving light industrial floorspace, the Council will use conditions to limit Class E for this specific purpose (consistent with Policy B2: New business floorspace, Part C) and to protect the primary industrial function of the LSIS. To ensure an adequate supply of industrial land and floorspace in Islington industrial uses in the area will be protected in accordance with Policy B3. The encroachment of some non-industrial uses could jeopardise the long term sustainability, economic function and future economic growth of the LSIS as an industrial area and will not be allowed. B. The provision of 'hybrid workspace', which may incorporate a mix of the industrial related uses, is encouraged. Such proposals (including those for refurbishment) should provide a variety of spaces that can accommodate a range of industrial uses, including spaces which are suitable for SMEs. C. The LSIS is a successful industrial location which accommodates a wide range of operators, including some existing office use. Proposals for the co-location of industrial use with office and/or research development use will be permitted, where there would be an intensification of industrial use on the site (either through new floorspace or the redevelopment/modernisation of existing floorspace) and it can be demonstrated that the continued industrial function of the LSIS would remain. D. The Council recognises the contribution of businesses related to the music and entertainment industry in the area, including Tileyard Studios, and seeks to support this successful economic cluster, including through allocation VR3: Tileyard Studios, Tileyard Road, of the Site Allocations DPD. E. The LSIS is currently inward facing. Where possible, development should avoid blank frontages and create active frontages towards open spaces, such as Market Road Gardens and the sport pitches on Market Road. The creation of active frontages may also be appropriate along York Way and Caledonian Road, where consistent with the land use policies set out above. F. Development proposals in the LSIS should, where possible, improve pedestrian and vehicle connections throughout the LSIS and have regard to proposed routes set out on the Spatial Strategy diagram. G. All development proposals in the LSIS must (individually and cumulatively) consider the layout, orientation, access, servicing and delivery arrangements in order to minimise conflict and to avoid potential negative impacts on highways safety and amenity. Proposals for B8 space should consider the potential provision of yard space. H. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 4,800sqm of office space over the plan period.

Sustainable Design and Construction

A. All development proposals are required to submit a Sustainable Design and Construction Statement which must demonstrate that the proposal meets all relevant sustainable design policies. The Sustainable Design and Construction Statement must show how sustainable design has been considered holistically from the start of the design process and is integrated throughout the construction and operation of the development. B. The Sustainable Design and Construction Statement submitted by all major developments, minor new build developments, and larger minor extensions must include the following details: (i) Energy Strategy - demonstrate how the net zero carbon target will be met within the framework of the energy hierarchy and justify the heat source selection in accordance with the heating hierarchy. For detailed requirements see Policy S4: Minimising greenhouse gas emissions; and Policy S5: Energy Infrastructure. (ii) Adaptive Design Strategy – demonstrate how the application addresses circular economy principles, including the impact and efficiency of construction materials, and how the development has been designed to adapt to change. For detailed requirements see Policy S10: Circular Economy and Adaptive Design. (iii) Landscape Design Strategy – demonstrate an integrated approach to hard and soft landscape design which maximises urban greening, soft landscaping, biodiversity and sustainable drainage, including the incorporation of SUDS into the landscape design. For detailed requirements see Policy G4: Biodiversity, landscape design and trees. (iv) Integrated Water Management and Sustainable Drainage – demonstrate an integrated approach to water management which considers sustainable drainage, water efficiency, water quality and biodiversity holistically. Major developments must submit a Surface Water Drainage Pro-forma to ensure surface water drainage proposals meet the drainage requirements. For detailed requirements see Policy S9: Integrated Water Management and Sustainable Drainage. (v) Operational sustainability – demonstrate how the development will be designed to facilitate ongoing effective and sustainable use, management and maintenance. For detailed requirements see Policy S4 Minimising greenhouse gas emissions and Policy S6: Managing Heat Risk. (vi) Air Quality - demonstrate how the development will be designed, constructed and operated to limit its contribution to air pollution, improve local air quality, and reduce exposure to poor air quality, especially for vulnerable people. For detailed requirements see Policy S7: Improving air quality. C. The Sustainable Design and Construction Statement submitted by smaller minor extensions and minor changes of use must demonstrate that all relevant sustainable design requirements have been considered. The level of information provided in the statement must be proportionate to these requirements. D. Developments are required to support monitoring of the implementation of the Sustainable Design and Construction Statement, including through the Green Performance Plan (where relevant) and other submitted sustainable design details, by: (i) allowing Council officers access to the development; (ii) submitting information to the Council when requested; and (iii) where necessary, through payment of a reasonable monitoring fee set by the Council.

Minimising greenhouse gas emissions

A. All development proposals are required to demonstrate how greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced in accordance with the energy hierarchy (set out in Policy S1) as part of the SDCS. Major developments, minor new build developments, and larger minor extensions must provide a more detailed energy assessment as part of the SDCS. B. Until the end of 2021, major residential developments and minor new-build residential developments of one unit or more are required to comply with the interim Fabric Energy Efficiency Standard (FEES), as defined by the Zero Carbon Hub. 'Full' FEES will apply from the start of 2022 onwards. C. All major developments and minor new-build residential developments of one unit or more must be net zero carbon. These developments must demonstrate, as part of the SDCS, how the net zero carbon target will be met within the framework of the energy hierarchy. D. The following on-site reductions in carbon emissions are required in accordance with the energy hierarchy: (i) Major developments must achieve a minimum on-site reduction in total (regulated and unregulated) emissions of at least 27 per cent beyond Part L of the Building Regulations. (ii) Major developments able to connect to an existing heat network must achieve a minimum on-site reduction in total (regulated and unregulated) emissions of at least 39 per cent beyond Part L of the Building Regulations. (iii) Minor new-build residential developments of one unit or more must achieve a minimum on-site reduction in regulated emissions of at least 19% beyond Part L of the Building Regulations, unless it can be demonstrated that such provision is not feasible. E. In addition to meeting the minimum on-site reduction targets in Part D, all major development proposals must calculate whole life-cycle carbon emissions through a nationally recognised whole life-cycle carbon assessment and demonstrate actions taken to reduce life-cycle carbon emissions. F. All developments are required to reduce energy demand through energy efficiency measures in the first instance, in accordance with the energy hierarchy. Major developments are required to achieve the following reductions in demand as part of achieving the overall reduction targets in Part D of this policy: (i) Major non-residential development must achieve at least 15 per cent out of the overall reduction target through energy efficiency measures in order to reduce energy demand. (ii) Major residential development must achieve at least 10 per cent out of the overall reduction target through energy efficiency measures in order to reduce energy demand. G. Where it is clearly demonstrated that the zero carbon target cannot be fully achieved on-site, any shortfall must be provided through a cash in lieu contribution to Islington's carbon offset fund. All major developments and minor new build developments of one unit or more will be required to pay the full cost of offsetting the remaining regulated emissions, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not viable, in which case the maximum viable payment for offsetting will be required based on a viability assessment. Such payments will be secured through a legal agreement. H. Proposals for householder extensions must contribute to reducing emissions from the whole building as far as possible. The SDCS must demonstrate that cost-effective energy efficiency measures have been applied to the existing property, where practical, in addition to requirements applicable to the extension itself. I. Major developments must submit a Green Performance Plan (GPP) detailing the actual measurable outputs for the occupied building in relation to energy consumption and carbon emissions, based on the commitments in the SDCS. J. The SDCS - and where appropriate, GPP - for all major developments must include the following information in order to maximise fabric energy efficiency, reduce the performance gap and provide more accurate information to design teams: (i) An assessment of predicted future energy use based on PHPP for residential and low energy non-domestic buildings; and CIBSE TM54 for non-domestic buildings (or any equivalent methodology), rather than Part L only assessments. Predicted energy use must be declared in kWh/m2/yr and kWh/yr and this will become one of the GPP indicator targets in the future. (ii) Confirm the actual performance values achieved in comparison to the original energy targets stated in the SDCS, and to submit the associated evidence including site photographs of insulation installation and the construction manager's declaration. This information must be submitted to the Council prior to occupancy as part of the final GPP. (iii) Carry out an air tightness test and thermographic survey. The test reports, along with details of any remediation measures, must be provided to the Council prior to occupancy as part of the final GPP.

Energy Infrastructure

A. All major developments are required to have a communal low-temperature heating system. Heating systems must have a maximum annual carbon content of heat of less than 280 gCO2/kWh, calculated using the carbon emissions factor for grid electricity from the most recently available BEIS energy projections (UEPs) for the first 25 years of operation of the building. The heat source for the communal heating system must be selected in accordance with the following heating hierarchy: 1. connect to local existing or planned heat networks (subject to parts F and G below). 2. use zero-emission or local secondary heat sources (in conjunction with heat pump, if required). 3. use low-emission CHP (only where there is a case for CHP to enable the delivery of an area-wide heat network). 4. use ultra-low NOx gas boilers. B. CHP and ultra-low NOx gas boiler communal or heat network systems (numbers 3 and 4 in the heating hierarchy set out in Part A) must be designed to ensure that they meet the requirements of Policy S7. C. Larger minor new-build developments should have a communal heating system where feasible and select the heat source for the system in accordance with the heating hierarchy in Part A of this Policy. D. Minor new-build developments with an individual heating system are required to prioritise low carbon heating systems. E. As part of the SDCS, all major developments must demonstrate that they have assessed the feasibility of heat network connection (including a Shared Heat Network) or other appropriate heat sources, in accordance with the heating hierarchy, in order to ensure low and zero carbon heating options are prioritised. Larger minor developments that are able to connect to a heat network under Part G must assess the feasibility of connection as part of the SDCS. F. All major residential developments and larger minor new-build residential developments are required to provide an estimate of the anticipated heat unit supply price (£/kWh), annual standing charge and estimated annual maintenance costs of their proposed heating system within the SDCS. Major applications must provide estimates of the life cycle costs of the proposed heating system using CIBSE quoted plant lifetimes. G. Major developments located within 500 metres of an existing heat network, and larger minor new-build developments located within 50 metres, must be designed to connect to that network at the time of construction, including provision of the means to connect to that network and a reasonable financial contribution to the connection charge, unless a feasibility assessment demonstrates that connection is not reasonably possible. An existing heat network includes a planned network that will be in existence by the anticipated time of practical completion. H. Major developments located within 500 metres of a planned future heat network, which is considered by the Council likely to be operational within 3 years of a grant of planning permission must be designed to be able to connect to that network in the future. Developers are required to commit to connection and contribute to the cost of connection via a legal agreement, unless a feasibility assessment demonstrates that connection is not reasonably possible. I. Where connection to an existing or future heat network is not possible, major developments must develop and/or connect to a low or zero carbon Shared Heating Network (SHN) linking neighbouring developments and/or existing buildings, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not reasonably possible. J. Where connection to an existing or future heat network is deemed possible under parts G and H above, major developments are required to provide a preferred energy strategy and an alternative energy strategy (as part of the SDCS). The preferred energy strategy should be enacted based on connection to a heat network. In cases where it is not reasonably possible to connect to a heat network the alternative energy strategy should be enacted and the heat source will be selected in accordance with the heating hierarchy. Minor developments that are able to connect to a heat network are required to provide details of the connection as part of the SDCS. K. The Council will support the development of heat networks and energy centres in principle, subject to meeting wider policy requirements, including on design and air quality. L. The SDCS should set out a strategy for how the development will be future-proofed to achieve zero carbon emissions on-site by 2050. Where the development is able to connect to a heat network, the SDCS must demonstrate how the heat network will be future-proofed to achieve zero carbon and the timeline for achieving this.

Managing heat risk

A. Development proposals must minimise internal heat gain and the impacts of the 'urban heat island effect' through design, layout, orientation and materials. B. All developments (excluding smaller minor extensions) must demonstrate, as part of the SDCS, how the proposed design will reduce the potential for overheating and reliance on air conditioning systems, and maximise the incorporation of passive design measures in accordance with the following cooling hierarchy: 1. minimise internal heat generation through energy efficient design. 2. reduce the amount of heat entering a building through orientation, shading, albedo, fenestration, insulation and the provision of green roofs and walls. 3. manage the heat within the building through exposed internal thermal mass and high ceilings. 4. provide passive ventilation, such as cross ventilation. 5. provide low energy mechanical ventilation. C. Use of technologies from lower levels of the hierarchy will not be supported unless evidence is provided to demonstrate that technologies from higher levels of the hierarchy cannot deliver sufficient heat control. D. Major developments are required to include details of internal temperature modelling under projected increased future summer temperatures, to demonstrate that the risk of overheating has been addressed as part of the SDCS. E. Smaller minor extensions (those smaller than 100sqm) are encouraged to reduce the potential for overheating through the design of the extension, with particular reference to levels 1, 2 and 3 on the cooling hierarchy. The use of active cooling measures will not be accepted, unless it can be demonstrated that other methods higher up the hierarchy cannot be used to deliver sufficient heat control.

Noise and vibration

A. Impacts which may arise due to new development being located close to sensitive uses must be fully prevented via the design/layout of a scheme and/or the incorporation of other appropriate measures to limit the impact. C. If adverse impacts cannot be fully prevented, then proposals will normally be refused, unless non-physical measures - such as a Deed of Easement - are put in place which, in the Council's view, would ensure there is no residual threat to the future operation of the existing use. D. All development proposals which have the potential to cause or exacerbate unacceptable noise and vibration impacts on land uses and occupiers in the locality must fully assess such impacts, with reference to relevant noise thresholds set out in Appendix 2. All proposals must: (i) in the first instance, aim to prevent noise and vibration impacts occurring by siting uses which could cause or exacerbate impacts away from potentially affected uses; or, vice versa, siting sensitive uses away from uses which could cause noise and vibration impacts. An Acoustic Design Statement, in line with Appendix 2, must be provided to demonstrate satisfactory solutions; or (ii) where this is not possible, provide a detailed assessment of noise and vibration impacts in line with Appendix 2. Where noise and/or vibration impacts are identified suitable mitigation measures must be put in place to reduce these impacts, through the proposed layout (including the interaction of non-residential and residential uses in mixed use developments), design and materials. Impacts will need to be suitably mitigated for planning permission to be granted. E. A Noise Management Plan will be required where mitigation of noise from behavioural sources is necessary.

Green infrastructure

A. Green infrastructure is an integral part of what makes the borough sustainable, healthy, welcoming and attractive. It is extremely important in terms of addressing the Local Plan vision and objectives. Development proposals must preserve and enhance existing green infrastructure, and, where relevant, provide new green infrastructure. Opportunities to connect new/enhanced green infrastructure to existing green infrastructure must be thoroughly investigated. B. Developers must consider green infrastructure at an early stage of the design process as part of an integrated design approach and incorporate the provision of green infrastructure into the design rather than as an 'add on' at the end of the design process. C. Development proposals must assess the value and benefits of existing green infrastructure on-site and adjacent to sites; and identify interventions that could improve green infrastructure value and benefits. D. Sites with a low existing green infrastructure value represent particular opportunities to increase green infrastructure functions. The Council will not consider existing site circumstances as the baseline for new provision. E. Major developments are required to conduct an Urban Greening Factor (UGF) assessment in accordance with the methodology in the London Plan. Schemes must achieve an UGF score of 0.4 for developments that are predominately residential, and a target score of 0.3 for predominately commercial development (excluding B2 general industry and B8 storage and distribution uses). F. Development must contribute to the implementation of green infrastructure strategies including the All London Green Grid.

Protecting open space

A. All public open space identified on the Policies Map and significant private open spaces are protected from development. The exception to this is where development associated with the use of the canal is proposed, including changes to existing canal facilities. Relevant criteria are set out in Policy SP2: King's Cross and Pentonville Road and Policy AAP4: City Road of the Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP. Such development may be acceptable where it meets the relevant criteria in these policies and does not unacceptably impact the quality and function of the open space. B. Development within the immediate vicinity of public open space must not impact negatively on the amenity, ecological value and functionality of the space. All impacts must be prevented/mitigated through the design of the scheme. C. The Council will protect open space on housing estates. Where development is proposed on open spaces on housing estates, on-site re-provision of the same quantum of space of an improved quality is encouraged. Full loss of open space on housing estates will be resisted. Proposals which will lead to a net loss but which will re-provide a quantum of on-site open space which is both functional and useable may be acceptable where: (i) the lesser amount of space is of a higher quality; (ii) multi-functional use of the space is encouraged, for example use as play space and/or climate change mitigation (as appropriate); (iii) permeability and connectivity within and between spaces is improved, ensuring that the space remains substantially undeveloped and open, and that accessibility to the general public is improved; (iv) rationalisation of estate car parking has been fully explored, in order to offset the loss of open space as far as possible and in accordance with the Council's car-free policy. Where the existing estate car parking has not been rationalised as part of the proposal, robust justification must be provided to explain why; and (v) improvements to alternative open space provision in the immediate area are investigated and secured, to offset the loss of open space as part of the proposal. D. Development of private open spaces will be permitted unless, individually or cumulatively: (i) the site makes a valuable contribution to the character and appearance of the surrounding area, including its open aspect; (ii) the site is of biodiversity value, including consideration of ecological connectivity in the wider area; (iii) the site is of social or community value, for example, areas that provide access to green space and nature; (iv) the site makes, or has the potential to make, a contribution to mitigating the impacts of climate change, including urban cooling and reducing flood risk; or (v) the development would have a harmful impact on the amenity of future or neighbouring occupiers through its future development.

New public open space

A. Developments in excess of 200 net additional residential units or 10,000sqm net additional gross external floorspace, or where a specific need has been identified by the Council, are required to provide on-site publicly accessible public open space. The level of provision must be proportionate to the size of the proposal and the number of intended occupiers/users. Public open space must be provided in addition to private amenity space and landscaping and must provide unrestricted public access, in perpetuity. B. Public open space should normally be green public open space, such as a public park. Areas of new or improved hard landscaped public open space, such as civic space, may be considered appropriate instead of green public open space in certain areas (such as Town Centres), and will be assessed on a case-by-case basis. In such cases it must be demonstrated that the provision of green public open space is not possible or appropriate. Hard landscaped space must maximise greening features such as planting and permeable paving. C. New or improved public open space provision must: (i) create/improve links with other green infrastructure and permeability with the wider area; (ii) maximise biodiversity benefits and access to nature, by incorporating areas of biodiversity that complement surrounding habitats and support the Council's Biodiversity Action Plan; (iii) maximise sustainability benefits, including urban cooling and sustainable drainage, including the use of permeable surfaces; (iv) be designed to be safe and accommodate and encourage physical activity for all, promoting walking, cycling and social interaction; and (v) be overlooked, designed and managed to meet diverse and changing needs. D. The temporary use of sites (such as those awaiting development) for public open space, sport and recreation, or nature conservation must be considered. This includes very small sites such as pocket parks and the use of parking spaces as parklets.

Biodiversity, landscape design and trees

A. All developments must protect, enhance and contribute to the landscape, biodiversity value and growing conditions of the development site and surrounding area, including protecting and enhancing connectivity between habitats. B. Development should protect Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs). SINCs are areas designated for their importance for wildlife, biodiversity and access to nature and are shown on the Policies Map. The level of protection will be commensurate with the status of a SINC and the contribution it makes to the wider ecological network (refer to paragraph 5.27). Where harm to a SINC is unavoidable, and where the benefits of the development proposal clearly outweigh the impacts on biodiversity, the following mitigation hierarchy should be applied to minimise development impacts: 1) Avoid damaging the significant ecological features of the site; 2) Minimise the overall spatial impact and mitigate it by improving the quality or management of the rest of the site; 3) Deliver off-site compensation of better biodiversity value. Refer to paragraph 5.30 for further detail. C. Development proposals involving the creation of new buildings, redevelopment of existing buildings or large extensions must submit a Landscape Design Strategy (as part of the Sustainable Design and Construction Statement) which maximises green infrastructure, biodiversity and sustainable drainage. This must consider landscape design holistically from the outset of the design process and demonstrate the following: (i) An integrated approach to hard and soft landscaping design, prioritising soft landscaping and urban greening, including areas of unconstrained planting; (ii) Consideration of existing and proposed trees, hedges, shrubs and other vegetation of landscape or environmental significance, and their impact on biodiversity, sustainable drainage, air quality and urban cooling; (iii) Achieving a functional, attractive and inclusive design; (iv) Maximising biodiversity benefits and ecological connectivity, including through the protection and enhancement of existing biodiversity, and the incorporation of new areas of biodiversity and opportunities for wildlife, including green roofs and vertical greening. Development proposals must aim to secure a net gain in biodiversity value, with a clear priority for on-site measures; (v) Incorporation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) into the landscape design as part of an integrated approach which maximises biodiversity and water use efficiency alongside other benefits including, where appropriate and practical, amenity and recreation; (vi) Incorporation of suitable wildlife habitats, including micro-habitats; (vii) Consideration of the potential impact on biodiversity of lighting, noise or shading, and adoption of a lighting scheme design that minimises impacts on biodiversity; (viii) Provision of a robust planting design that can sustain itself without intensive maintenance and/or intervention; (ix) Incorporation of appropriate maintenance arrangements that will be put in place from the outset of the development, including a requirement for a specific management plan secured by planning condition where necessary; and (x) Integration of food growing opportunities, where feasible and practical. D. All developments must protect and enhance site biodiversity, including wildlife habitats, trees and measures to reduce deficiencies in access to nature. Developments involving refurbishment and/or extension of existing buildings must be designed and

Green roofs and vertical greening

A. Developments proposals must use all available roof space to incorporate biodiversity-based extensive green roofs, subject to other planning considerations. Developments involving the extension of existing buildings must seek to retrofit extensive green roofs on existing roof areas where feasible, in addition to providing green roofs on the extension. B. Green roofs must be considered at the earliest possible stage of designing a proposal to ensure their effective operation. They must be designed to: (i) maximise benefits for biodiversity, sustainable drainage and cooling; (ii) promote ecological diversity including planting based on wildflowers and a maximum of 25% sedum planting; (iii) have a varied substrate depth of average 80-150mm, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not reasonably possible; and (iv) be easily monitored, allowing for an ongoing effective process to inspect and monitor the quality of the green roof. C. Major development proposals must accommodate surface water storage, where sustainable drainage requirements are applicable in accordance with Policy S9, by incorporating blue roof stormwater attenuation, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not possible. D. Developments proposing the installation of roof level solar panels are required to incorporate the panels over a green roof area to form a 'bio-solar roof', where the overarching biodiversity and drainage functions of the green roof will not be adversely affected. E. Biodiversity-based extensive green roofs are the Council's clear priority in terms of green roof provision. The installation of intensive or semi-intensive green roofs to provide amenity space will only be acceptable where it is clearly demonstrated that this is required to meet other policy requirements, and where the primary biodiversity, sustainable drainage and cooling functions of the green roof will not be adversely affected. Dedicated areas of biodiversity-based planting must be maximised on intensive or semi-intensive green roofs and amenity space must not cover the majority of roof space. F. Major developments are encouraged to consider tree planting and food growing opportunities as part of intensive and semi-intensive green roofs where feasible, and where the additional weight requirements can be supported. G. New-build developments, and all major applications (including those involving refurbishments) must maximise the greening of vertical surfaces as far as reasonably possible. Vertical greening must be designed to: (i) maximise benefits for biodiversity, sustainable drainage and cooling; (ii) avoid excessive water demand and employ a watering system that does not rely on mains water supply or a pumped irrigation supply; (iii) promote ecological diversity through planting a range of appropriate species and incorporating micro habitats to support Islington's Biodiversity Action Plan, including nesting boxes for birds or bats where possible; (iv) provide growing conditions suitable for the selected plant species, and require minimal maintenance; and (v) incorporate planting rooted in soil from both ground level and roof level planters where practical. H. The design and management of green walls must include consideration of building structure and character, including architectural and historic features, in order to ensure such features are preserved and damage is avoided. A management plan may be required and conditioned to guarantee that any measures are carried out.

Biodiversity and Development

Protection and enhancement of existing biodiversity, and the incorporation of new areas of biodiversity and opportunities for wildlife, including green roofs and vertical greening. Development proposals must aim to secure a net gain in biodiversity value, with a clear priority for on-site measures; Incorporation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) into the landscape design as part of an integrated approach which maximises biodiversity and water use efficiency alongside other benefits including, where appropriate and practical, amenity and recreation; Incorporation of suitable wildlife habitats, including micro-habitats; Consideration of the potential impact on biodiversity of lighting, noise or shading, and adoption of a lighting scheme design that minimises impacts on biodiversity; Provision of a robust planting design that can sustain itself without intensive maintenance and/or intervention; Incorporation of appropriate maintenance arrangements that will be put in place from the outset of the development, including a requirement for a specific management plan secured by planning condition where necessary; and Integration of food growing opportunities, where feasible and practical. All developments must protect and enhance site biodiversity, including wildlife habitats, trees and measures to reduce deficiencies in access to nature. Developments involving refurbishment and/or extension of existing buildings must be designed and implemented to reduce impact on existing species and their habitats. Biodiversity benefits and ecological connectivity must be maximised through planting design, ecological landscaping, and the incorporation of areas of biodiversity that complement surrounding habitats and support the Council's Biodiversity Action Plan. Species chosen for planting must maximise biodiversity benefit, be beneficial to wildlife and complement the existing habitat. Habitat features must be incorporated on-site to support existing species of wildlife and provide opportunities for new wildlife. All developments, including refurbishment works, must carry out ecological surveys and assessments wherever the proposed development is likely to have an impact on protected species; habitats or priority species identified in the borough's Biodiversity Action Plan; and/or is either within or in close proximity to a SINC(s). All developments are required to minimise impacts on existing trees, hedges, shrubs and other significant vegetation, and provide sufficient space for the crowns and root systems of existing and proposed trees and their future growth. Developments within proximity of existing trees are required to provide protection from any damage during development. The Council will normally refuse permission or consent for the removal of protected trees, i.e. trees subject to a Tree Preservation Order (TPO) and trees within a conservation area; and for proposals that would have a detrimental impact on the health of protected trees. Any loss of or damage to trees or other significant planting, or adverse effects on their growing conditions or survival, will only be permitted where it is demonstrably unavoidable in order to meet other relevant Local Plan policy requirements (as agreed with the Council). In such circumstances, the developer must follow the following hierarchy, with each step down justified by evidence and agreed with the Council: 1. Replace tree provision on site, 2. Replace tree provision directly adjacent to the site on land owned by the developer, 3. Pay a financial contribution to the Council to provide appropriate reprovision.

Circular Economy and Adaptive Design

A. All developments must adopt a circular economy approach to building design and construction in order to keep products and materials in use for as long as possible and to minimise construction waste. B. Buildings must be made from components and materials that can be re-used or recycled. Building design must enable deconstruction to ensure the maximum value of building components can be recovered and re-used at the end of the building's life. Where demolition and remediation works are necessary, materials must be re-used and/or recycled. C. A minimum 10% of the total value of materials used in the construction of both major and minor developments must derive from recycled and re-used content in the products and materials selected. D. All developments must be designed to be flexible and adaptable to changing requirements and circumstances over their lifetime; including changes to the physical environment, market demands and land use. E. All major developments (including refurbishment and redevelopment of existing buildings), minor new build developments, and larger minor extensions are required to provide an Adaptive Design Strategy as part of the SDCS. This must demonstrate how a circular economy approach has been adopted as part of the building design and construction, and how the building will adapt to change over its lifetime. The Strategy must include evidence to demonstrate that the development will be designed and constructed to: (i) last as long as possible and suit its anticipated lifespan – the strategy must specify the intended overall design life of all buildings in the development; (ii) avoid construction waste and the unnecessary demolition of structures; (iii) be built in layers to allow elements of buildings to be replaced overtime, supporting a modular design; (iv) be adaptable – the plan form, layout and structure enables the building to be adapted to respond to change and/or adapted for various uses throughout its life; (v) enable ease of deconstruction - building materials, components and products can be disassembled and re-used at the end of their useful life; and (vi) maximise the re-use and/or recycling of all materials arising from demolition and remediation works. F. All development must minimise the environmental impact of materials through the use of sustainably-sourced, low impact and recycled materials, using local suppliers where feasible. G. All developments are required to minimise the impact of construction on the environment and comply with Islington's Code of Practice for Construction Sites.

Sustainable Design Standards

A. Major and minor residential developments involving refurbishment or extensions are required to achieve a final (post-refurbishment) certified rating of Excellent under BREEAM Domestic Refurbishment 2014 (or equivalent scheme) and must make reasonable endeavours to achieve an Outstanding rating. B. Major and minor new-build residential developments must achieve a four-star rating (as a minimum) under the BRE Home Quality Mark scheme. C. All non-residential and mixed-use developments proposing 500sqm or more net additional floorspace are required to achieve a final (post-construction stage) certified rating of Excellent as part of a fully fitted assessment within BREEAM New Construction 2018 (or equivalent scheme), and must make reasonable endeavours to achieve an Outstanding rating. A 'verification stage' certification at post-occupancy stage must also be achieved, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not feasible. D. Major non-residential and mixed-use refurbishment developments are required to achieve a final (post-construction) certified rating of Excellent under BREEAM UK Non-Domestic Refurbishment and Fit-out (or equivalent scheme) and must make reasonable endeavours to achieve an Outstanding rating. The scope of works of the development must include a full fit-out, unless it can be demonstrated that this is not feasible. E. All developments assessed under BREEAM New Construction 2018 (as required by Part C) and Non-Domestic Refurbishment and Fit-out schemes (as required by Part D) are required to score the following minimum 'credits', in addition to the minimum acceptable requirements for a BREEAM excellent rating: (i) At least 50% of credits on Environmental impacts from construction products (Mat 01); (ii) At least 1 credit on Responsible sourcing of materials (Mat 03), in addition to Criterion E(i); (iii) At least 50% of credits on Construction waste management (Wst 01); (iv) All credits on Water consumption (Wat 01), or a minimum of 3 credits where rainwater and/or greywater recycling is demonstrated not to be feasible; (v) The second credit on energy monitoring (Ene 02 – Sub-metering of high energy load and tenancy areas), where feasible; (vi) Reasonable endeavours must be made to achieve two credits under the Ene 01 exemplary level criteria, in order to demonstrate zero carbon development; and (vii) BREEAM New Construction only - all 4 credits for Energy modelling and reporting as part of Reduction of energy use and carbon emissions (Ene 01). F. All developments assessed under BREEAM Domestic Refurbishment 2014 (as required by Part A) are required to score the following credits, in addition to the minimum acceptable requirements for a BREEAM excellent rating: (i) At least 50% of credits on Environmental impact of materials (Mat 01); (ii) At least 50% of credits on Responsible sourcing of materials (Mat 02); and (iii) All credits on Refurbishment site waste management (Was 2). G. All minor non-residential new build developments and minor non-residential extensions of between 100sqm and 500sqm are required to demonstrate how all credits for Water consumption (Wat 01) would be achieved under the relevant BREEAM scheme. A minimum of 3 credits must be achieved where rainwater and/or greywater recycling is demonstrated not to be feasible, in order to achieve water credits equivalent to an Excellent standard.

Improving Air Quality

A. All development proposals must mitigate or prevent adverse impacts on air quality, and investigate and implement all reasonable opportunities to improve air quality. Development proposals will be refused where they would: (i) cause significant harm to air quality, cumulatively or individually; (ii) lead to further deterioration of existing poor air quality, create any new areas that exceed air quality limits, or delay the date at which compliance will be achieved in areas that are currently in exceedance of legal limits; (iii) reduce any air quality benefits that result from active measures/activities which seek to improve air quality; or (iv) create unacceptable risk of high levels of exposure to poor air quality. B. Major developments, minor new build developments, and larger minor extensions must be at least Air Quality Neutral through provision of on-site measures. Such developments are required to submit an Air Quality Assessment (AQA) as part of the SDCS; the level of detail of the AQA must be proportionate to the scale of proposed development, but must include details of how Air Quality Neutral will be achieved. A preliminary AQA must be carried out before designing the development, to inform the design process. C. Minor developments not covered by Part B are encouraged to be at least Air Quality Neutral through on-site measures, where feasible. D. Developments in excess of 150 net additional residential units or 10,000sqm net additional gross external floorspace must be Air Quality Positive and implement measures on-site to actively reduce air pollution as far as possible. E. Measures to address air quality implemented in line with relevant requirements in Parts A to D must be implemented through on-site design solutions, to prevent or minimise increased exposure to existing air pollution and make provision to address local air quality issues. Particular care must be taken with developments that are in Air Quality Focus Areas (AQFAs) or that are likely to be used by large numbers of people particularly vulnerable to poor air quality, such as children or older people. Where adequate mitigation is not provided, planning permission may be refused. F. Where it can be demonstrated that on-site measures are impractical or inappropriate, off-site measures to improve local air quality may be acceptable, provided that at least equivalent air quality benefits can be demonstrated. Where off-site measures cannot be provided to a sufficient standard, a financial off-setting contribution secured through a legal agreement may also be acceptable.

Flood Risk Management

A. A site specific Flood Risk Assessment (FRA) will be required for: (i) proposals on sites of 1 hectare or greater; (ii) new development proposing more than 100sqm increase in floorspace in a critical drainage area; (iii) proposals involving a change of use in development type to a more vulnerable class; (iv) 'Highly Vulnerable' development located in an area of High or Medium surface water flood risk; and/or (v) 'More Vulnerable' development located in an area of High surface water flood risk. B. The site-specific FRA must assess in detail the risk of flooding to and from a proposed development, from all sources but focusing particularly on surface water flooding, taking climate change projections into account. Where a development is located within a Critical Drainage Area (CDA) or Local Flood Risk Zone (LFRZ), or where the site includes a 'High' surface water flood risk area, the site-specific FRA must give particular consideration to the extent and impacts of flood risk. C. Groundwater flooding must be investigated in detail as part of the site-specific FRA where development is located in an area identified as having potential for groundwater flooding. D. As part of the site-specific FRA, development proposals must: (i) carry out a Sequential Test in order to ensure that the vulnerability classification of the proposed development is appropriate to the level of flood risk; (ii) carry out an Exception Test (parts a and b) to ensure the proposed development will provide wider sustainability benefits to the community that outweigh flood risk, and that it will be safe for its lifetime, without increasing flood risk elsewhere and where possible reduce flood risk overall; and (iii) demonstrate a sequential approach to development layout within the development site, in order to ensure that the most vulnerable elements or land uses within a development are located in the lowest risk parts of the site. E. The site-specific FRA must demonstrate how flood risk will be managed and mitigated to ensure the development is safe from flooding and the impacts of climate change for its lifetime. This must include assessment of appropriate flood proof design and construction methods, and SUDS. F. 'Highly Vulnerable' development, including basement dwellings, proposed in 'High' surface water flood risk areas, and/or where there is potential for groundwater flooding of property situated below ground level or potential for groundwater flooding to occur at surface, are required to incorporate appropriate flood proof construction methods in order to mitigate the risk of flooding. Essential infrastructure associated with proposed developments in 'High' surface water flood risk areas must be located above ground floor level, where possible.

Integrated Water Management and Sustainable Drainage

A. All development proposals must adopt an integrated approach to water management which considers sustainable drainage, water efficiency, water quality and biodiversity holistically across a site and in the context of links with wider-than-site level plans. Water management must be considered as early as possible in the design process. B. All development proposals must ensure that surface water run-off is managed as close to its source as possible in line with the London Plan drainage hierarchy (repeated below), with priority given to green features over grey features: 1. rainwater use as a resource (for example rainwater harvesting, blue roofs). 2. rainwater infiltration to ground at or close to source. 3. rainwater attenuation in green infrastructure features for gradual release (for example green roofs, rain gardens). 4. rainwater discharge direct to a watercourse (unless not appropriate). 5. controlled rainwater discharge to a surface water sewer or drain. 6. controlled rainwater discharge to a combined sewer. C. Development proposals for impermeable paving will be resisted, including on small surfaces such as front gardens and driveways, unless they can demonstrate that the level of run-off will not exacerbate flood risk in the area, both direct and cumulative risk. D. Drainage must be designed and implemented in ways that promote multiple benefits including increased water use efficiency, improved water quality, and enhanced biodiversity, urban greening, amenity and recreation. E. All developments are required to demonstrate that appropriate SUDS have been implemented in accordance with the drainage hierarchy to ensure that surface water run-off rates and volumes entering open space are predictable and water at the surface is clean and safe. All developments must identify how the initial run off from a site following a rainfall event will be dealt with; and demonstrate that an appropriate maintenance plan will be put in place providing details of how the SUDS will be maintained after implementation to ensure their continued effectiveness. F. Major developments creating new floorspace, and major changes of use that will result in an intensification of water use, must be designed to achieve the following standards: (i) Surface water flows from the site must be reduced to a greenfield run-off rate (8 litres/second/hectare for Islington), where feasible. Where it is demonstrated that achieving a greenfield run-off rate is not feasible due to the site conditions, run-off rates must be minimised to as close to the greenfield rate as possible. (ii) The volume of run-off that must be stored on-site must be calculated based on the nationally agreed return period value of a 1 in 100-year storm event plus a 40% allowance for climate change for the worst storm duration. Where the site-specific FRA indicates that an additional volume of run-off must be stored above and beyond the amount calculated based on the method above, this must be provided on site. G. Major developments involving works to an existing building should reduce run-off rates for the site as a whole, rather than focusing solely on new buildings. H. All major developments must submit a Surface Water Drainage Pro-forma to ensure surface water drainage proposals meet policy requirements. I. All minor new build developments of one unit or more are required to reduce existing run-off levels as far as possible. Where this is demonstrated not to be possible, existing run-off levels must be maintained as a minimum. J. SUDS must be designed and implemented as a central part of the SDCS, using an integrated approach which maximises biodiversity and water use efficiency alongside other benefits including, where appropriate and practical, amenity and recreation. All developments must maximise areas of soft landscaping and other permeable surfaces to support this, in accordance with Policy G4. K. All developments must demonstrate that they have minimised the use of mains water and have been designed to be water efficient, through the SDCS. Water use must be minimised as part of all developments by reducing water demand in the first instance through the installation of water efficient fittings and appliances, and the use of water saving measures. Developments must use smart metering, and retrofitting of water efficiency measures is encouraged where feasible. L. Where feasible, developments located adjacent to a waterway, such as a canal, must utilise the waterway to supply non-potable water for on-site needs, including landscape irrigation. M. Residential development must minimise water consumption in accordance with the Optional Requirement of the Building Regulations, achieving mains water consumption of 105 litres or less per head per day (excluding allowance of up to five litres for external water consumption). Non-residential developments, including refurbishments, must minimise water consumption by achieving all credits on Water consumption (Wat 01) under the relevant BREEAM scheme, in accordance with the requirements of Parts E and G of Policy S3. N. Major developments and/or developments with high/intense water usage - including hotels, hostels, and student housing - are required to incorporate a rainwater and greywater recycling system. Minor developments must incorporate rainwater recycling, where feasible and practical. O. The development of land affected by contamination must not create unacceptable risks to human health and the wider environment, including local water resources. Assessment and remediation of any contaminated land must be carried out before any development commences on site. P. All developments are required to protect water quality and demonstrate that there will be no negative impacts on the quality of local water resources as a result of the development. All developments must assess and mitigate any potential impact on groundwater; only appropriate land uses should be located within groundwater Source Protection Zones (SPZs). Q. All development proposals located adjacent to the New River or Regent's Canal are required to protect and improve the benefits provided by the water environment to help to ensure that these waterways can reach and maintain good ecological status, in accordance with the recommendations of the Thames River Basin Management Plan (TRBMP).

Waste

A. Development proposals must provide waste and recycling facilities which: (i) fit current and future collection practices and targets; (ii) are accessible to all; (iii) are designed to provide convenient access for all people, helping to support people to recycle; and (iv) provide high quality storage and collection systems in line with Council guidance. B. The Council will continue to work with the seven North London boroughs on the North London Waste Plan to provide sufficient land to meet waste management needs across the seven North London boroughs. The policies in the North London Waste Plan will be used to consider proposals for waste management facilities across the seven North London boroughs. C. The Hornsey Street Re-use and Recycling Centre will be safeguarded in order for Islington to continue to contribute to meeting aggregated waste planning requirements. The safeguarded Hornsey Street Re-use and Recycling Centre is identified on the Policies Map. Where development is proposed within close proximity to this facility, it must ensure that the ability of the Hornsey Street facility to operate effectively is not threatened, via the design/layout of a scheme and/or the incorporation of appropriate measures to limit effects of sound, vehicle movements and other effects, in line with the 'agent-of-change' principle.

Fostering innovation and conserving and enhancing the historic environment

A. Islington supports innovative approaches to development as a means to increasing development capacity to meet identified needs, while simultaneously addressing any adverse heritage impacts and protecting and enhancing the unique character of the borough. In this context, an innovative approach is one that contributes to the delivery of the Local Plan objectives, including making the borough an inclusive and resilient place by ensuring the design of buildings meets contemporary standards, the needs of all users and mitigates against the impacts of climate change. B. Islington is a diverse place of many different areas which give the borough its character. Development can be accommodated throughout the borough, but the scale of development is dependent on a number of considerations, including design and heritage. The Council intends to develop design codes for some parts of the borough to provide clear design guidance for development in those areas. C. Development must protect or enhance the London View Management Framework views and Local Views (identified on the Policies Map). D. Development should protect or enhance the settings of Local Landmarks (identified on the Policies Map). E. The Council will conserve or enhance Islington's heritage assets – both designated and non-designated – and their settings in a manner appropriate to their significance, including listed buildings, conservation areas, scheduled monuments, Archaeological Priority Areas, historic green spaces, locally listed buildings and locally significant shopfronts. F. Site potential for development and site density levels must be fully optimised, in order to make the best use of the scarce land resource in the borough. High density does not automatically mean buildings need to be tall. The design of development must create a human scale and massing. G. Tall buildings can help make best use of land by optimising the amount of development on a site, but they can also have significant adverse impacts due to their scale, massing and various associated impacts. Tall building locations must be carefully managed and restricted to specific sites where their impacts can be managed through appropriate design. H. Basement development can contribute to accommodating needs, for instance growing families, but they can also have significant adverse impacts. Any development involving basements will be strictly controlled. I. The agent-of-change principle ensures that the individual/organisation proposing change is responsible for ensuring that existing uses in the area are not adversely impacted, including through noise and vibration impacts. This principle will apply to all development proposals in the borough, and can include consideration of a wide range of planning issues, including compatibility of land uses and design.

Heritage assets

A. Planning and listed building consent applications must include a Heritage Statement which demonstrates a clear understanding of the significance of any heritage assets affected by the proposals, including any contribution to significance made by their setting; and assesses the potential impact on significance arising from the proposals. Heritage Statements must be informed by specialist heritage advice and must include sufficient information to allow full assessment of development proposals. Conservation areas B. Development within conservation areas and their settings – including alterations to existing buildings and new development - must conserve or enhance the significance of the area, and must be of a high quality contextual design. Proposals that harm the significance of a conservation area must provide clear and convincing justification for the harm; where proposals will cause substantial harm to the significance of a conservation area, they will be strongly resisted. C. Buildings, spaces, street patterns, views and vistas, uses and trees which contribute to the significance of a conservation area must be retained. The significance of a conservation area can be harmed over time by the cumulative impact arising from the loss of these elements which may individually make a limited positive contribution, but cumulatively have a greater positive contribution. Listed buildings D. Proposals that harm the significance of a listed building (through inappropriate repair, alteration, extension, demolition and/or development within its setting) must provide clear and convincing justification for the harm. Substantial harm to, or loss of, a listed building will be strongly resisted. Historic green spaces E. Islington's historic green spaces are important heritage assets and are listed in Appendix 6. Proposals which affect the significance of historic green spaces must ensure: (i) the conservation or enhancement of the spaces themselves, their setting and any important features; (ii) that the enjoyment, layout, design, character, appearance or setting of spaces, and key views out from the landscape, is maintained or enhanced; and (iii) that any planned or potential future restoration is not prejudiced. The Council encourages the restoration and management of historic green spaces to enhance their value. F. Proposals that harm the significance of a historic green space must provide clear and convincing justification for the harm. Where proposals will cause substantial harm to their significance, they will be strongly resisted. Archaeology G. Islington's Archaeological Priority Areas and scheduled monuments are identified on the Policies Map. Proposals which have the potential to affect archaeological remains and/ or heritage assets of archaeological interest, particularly those within Archaeological Priority Areas and/or in proximity to scheduled monuments, are required to include an Archaeological Assessment and, where necessary Field Evaluation. H. Important archaeological remains must be retained in situ. Substantial harm to, or loss of, nationally important archaeological remains will be strongly resisted. Where this cannot be achieved measures must be taken to mitigate the impact of proposals through archaeological fieldwork to investigate and record remains in advance of works, and subsequent analysis, publication and dissemination of the findings. Where appropriate, public benefits should be sought by revealing and/or interpreting archaeological discoveries. Non-designated heritage assets I. Non-designated heritage assets, including locally listed buildings and shopfronts, must be identified early in the design process for any development proposal which may impact on their significance. The Council will encourage the retention, repair and re-use of non-designated heritage assets. Proposals that unjustifiably harm the significance of a non-designated heritage asset or their setting will generally not be permitted. Views J. There are a number of strategic views, local views and views of local landmarks within and across Islington. These give important views toward St. Paul's Cathedral, while some offer a unique panoramic view of Islington and other parts of London or a view of St. Paul's or a local landmark as part of the broader townscape (particularly street level views). Development must protect or enhance the London View Management Framework views and Local Views. Proposals involving the redevelopment of buildings that currently adversely impact a protected view must take all reasonable steps to enhance the view and remove any existing infringement on the view. Development proposals must provide appropriate supporting material – including 3D modelling - to verify the visual impact of proposed development on protected views. Local Landmarks K. Development in the vicinity of a Local Landmark should protect or enhance their settings. Heritage assessments for development affecting Local Landmarks should identify impacts on the building's role within the townscape. Heritage at risk L. Where development proposals involve 'at risk' heritage assets, opportunities must be sought to address the negative factors which contribute to the 'at risk' status. M. Where there is evidence of deliberate neglect of, or damage to, a heritage asset, the deteriorated state of the heritage asset will not be taken into account in any decision.

Thriving communities

A. Islington should continue to be a place where people of different incomes, tenures and backgrounds can live in mixed and balanced communities which are economically, environmentally and socially healthy and resilient. All new housing development must be fully integrated within, and relate positively to, its immediate neighbours and locality. Gated development is not suitable, as it isolates and compartmentalises communities. B. All new housing must contribute to the delivery of the Local Plan vision and objectives, making the borough a fairer place through the delivery of the right type of housing that meets identified needs. C. Islington support high density housing development. Proposals which include housing must make the most efficient use of land to ensure that the optimal amount of housing is delivered, while having regard to other Development Plan policies and the specific site context. Proposed developments which result in the reduction of land supply which could reasonably be expected to be suitable for conventional housing, and would therefore threaten the ability to meet housing targets, will be refused. Further detail on this policy approach is set out in Policy H2. D. High quality new homes are integral to achieving the aim of making the most efficient use of land and improving quality of life of residents. Homes should be designed as a place of retreat and as such must contribute to improving the health and wellbeing (both physical and mental health) of residents. New homes must be designed to be adaptable over their lifetime to accommodate changing needs. Further detail on this policy approach is set out in Policy H4. E. Delivery of genuinely affordable housing is a key priority of the Local Plan. The overarching strategic target over the plan period is for 50% of all new housing to be genuinely affordable. Further detail on this policy approach is set out in Policy H3. F. The affordable housing tenure split on all schemes must prioritise forms of affordable housing which is genuinely affordable for those in need, particularly social rented housing. Further detail on this policy approach is set out in Policy H3. G. Islington will seek affordable housing contributions from small sites (less than 10 net additional units) to fund the development of affordable housing in the borough, including Council-led housing developments. Further detail on this policy approach is set out in Policy H3. H. Islington is committed to meeting and exceeding the boroughs minimum housing delivery target as set out in the London Plan.

Housing Supply

A. Land supply for conventional housing and genuinely affordable housing are the most sustainable uses of land in Islington as they meet a broad range of housing needs. The Council will not permit the loss of housing units unless there are exceptional circumstances such as where the loss is as a direct consequence of residential-led mixed use development, or where it has been demonstrated that the loss is as a direct consequence of meeting other strategic objectives or infrastructure requirements. Where there is a net loss of housing units on a site, or where a proposal does not make efficient use of the land and has the effect of significantly reducing the ability to meet housing targets, will be refused. B. High quality new homes are integral to achieving the aim of making the most efficient use of land and improving quality of life of residents. Homes should be designed as a place of retreat and as such must contribute to improving the health and wellbeing (both physical and mental health) of residents. New homes must be designed to be adaptable over their lifetime to accommodate changing needs. C. Delivery of genuinely affordable housing is a key priority of the Local Plan. The overarching strategic target over the plan period is for 50% of all new housing to be genuinely affordable. D. The affordable housing tenure split on all schemes must prioritise forms of affordable housing which is genuinely affordable for those in need, particularly social rented housing. E. Islington will seek affordable housing contributions from small sites (less than 10 net additional units) to fund the development of affordable housing in the borough, including Council-led housing developments. F. Islington is committed to meeting and exceeding the boroughs minimum housing delivery target as set out in the London Plan. G. The Council will maintain a supply of housing land to meet housing targets over the plan period, with a particular focus on demonstrating a five year supply of land. The Council will produce a housing trajectory, which will be published annually as part of the monitoring framework. H. The size mix of new housing must reflect local need, with priority for units suitable for families. I. Conventional residential accommodation must be designed to meet a variety of needs throughout its lifetime. Various forms of specialist housing may be necessary to provide support to specific groups of vulnerable people and those at risk. J. Housing needs for older people will predominantly be met through conventional housing. Where there is an identified need, specialist accommodation for vulnerable older people may be required. K. The provision of additional student accommodation will be restricted to allocated sites or sites in existing use as purpose built student accommodation or where there is a wider master-planned approach to consolidate and reconfigure educational floorspace on a university campus. Any proposals for student accommodation will be expected to provide affordable student accommodation. L. Purpose Built Private Rented Sector development will need to provide affordable housing in line with Policy H3 and meet the criteria set out in Policy H11. M. Self-build and Custom build housing will be supported on suitable sites, where compliant with other relevant policies. N. The Council will support the provision of new supported housing where there is an identified need, and will resist the loss of existing supported housing. O. Existing good quality Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMO) will be protected. Large-scale HMOs – such as co-living schemes –are not considered to make the best use of land and deliver the priorities of the Local Plan. Proposals for large scale HMOs will be assessed against the criteria set out in Policy H10. P. The Council will seek to meet an identified need for Gypsy and Traveller accommodation.

Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs)

A. Proposals for small-scale HMOs (Use Class C4) will be permitted where they: (i) prevent any significant adverse amenity impact(s) on the surrounding neighbourhood; and (ii) provide a good quality of accommodation within non-self-contained units, in line with the relevant requirements set out in HMO best practice standards. B. Proposals involving the loss of good quality HMOs will be resisted, unless the replacement use meets an acute need identified by Islington Council's housing department, particularly genuinely affordable housing. C. Proposals for large-scale HMOs are not considered the best approach to meeting housing needs in the borough. On sites where the Council considers that large-scale HMOs may be an acceptable form of housing in principle, proposals must: (i) prevent any significant adverse amenity impact(s) on the surrounding neighbourhood. Sufficient evidence – including a detailed management plan – must be provided; (ii) be consistent with all relevant parts of Policy H2 and H4. With regard to minimum space standards, living space and communal space must be comfortable and functional for the needs of tenants and must include adequate space for storage; (iii) Ensure that 5% of bedspaces, their associated bathrooms and all common parts (including a unisex WC on every floor) are easily adaptable for occupation by wheelchair users; (iv) provide 35% (or 50% where on public sector land) on-site affordable housing and provide tenures in line with Policy H3. Cash in lieu payments will be acceptable where it can be demonstrated that it is not possible to deliver the affordable housing on-site in accordance with London Plan Policy H16; and (v) provide appropriate and accessible communal facilities and services.

Purpose Built Private Rented Sector development

A. Proposals for purpose built Private Rented Sector (PRS) development will be permitted where they comply with all of the following criteria: (i) There will be no adverse impacts on local amenity; (ii) Affordable housing is provided in line with Policy H3; (iii) High quality housing is provided in line with Policy H4. All units must be self-contained and let separately; (iv) The PRS units are held under a covenant for the lifetime of the building, generally no less than 15 years. The covenant will be strictly enforced and must not allow any provision for general market sale of any units (either individually or as a group of units), for the length of the covenant period; (v) A clawback mechanism is put in place to ensure that the maximum amount of affordable housing is provided on-site where the covenant is broken (notwithstanding criterion iv); (vi) Unified management and unified ownership, including partnerships, of the development is guaranteed throughout the covenant period; (vii) Longer tenancies (three years or more) are available to all tenants. The tenancy process should give security to the renter, with appropriate break clauses and transparency on rent increases enshrined in the tenancy agreement. The tenant should be able to end the tenancy with a month's notice any time after the first six months. Upfront fees during the letting process must not be charged, except for security deposits and upfront rent payments.

Gypsy and Traveller Accommodation

A. To meet the identified need for 10 Gypsy and Traveller pitches, the Council will undertake an immediate focused review of this policy following its adoption. If the focused review is not submitted to the SoS for examination within 24 months from the date of adoption of the SDMP, this policy will be considered out-of-date for the purposes of the NPPF. B. In the absence of a particular site allocation(s) to meet defined need, the following criteria will apply to any windfall sites which come forward before the immediate review is completed. Any site proposed in order to meet an identified need must: (i) have suitable access for the type of vehicles that could reasonably be expected to use the site; (ii) be able to provide basic amenities, including water and sewerage; (iii) provide a good level of residential amenity and high quality housing, in line with relevant policy requirements set out in Policy H4; (iv) not have any relevant pre-existing policy designations that restrict the use of the site, including green infrastructure such as Metropolitan Open Land; and (v) the site is not allocated for other uses, e.g. conventional housing, offices.

New and existing conventional housing

A. Islington aims to meet and exceed the housing target of 7,750 units by 2028/29, which equates to an annualised target of 775 per annum. The overall housing target for the plan period from 2020/21 to 2036/37 is a minimum of 13,175 homes. B. Development proposals involving new housing – regardless of site size – must demonstrate that use of the building/site is optimised. Particular consideration must be given to: (i) the contribution to meeting need for particular types of housing; (ii) the contribution to meeting the borough's housing targets; (iii) the level of housing density; (iv) social and strategic infrastructure requirements and impacts on existing and/or planned infrastructure; and (v) interaction with other policy priorities, including the provision of new business floorspace to meet projected jobs growth and sustainable and inclusive design measures. C. Loss of Existing housing The following applies to proposals resulting in the loss of existing housing: (i) The loss of existing self-contained housing will be permitted where the housing is replaced by at least equivalent floorspace and does not involve the net loss of more than one unit. (ii) The loss of existing affordable housing units will only be permitted in exceptional circumstances where there is no net loss of affordable housing floorspace overall and in terms of social rented floorspace. (iii) Conversion of two or more units into a single dwelling is considered material and would require planning permission. D. All development proposals for conventional residential dwellings (including conversions and extensions) must provide a good mix of unit sizes which contributes to meeting the housing size mix priorities set out in Table 3.2. E. Concentrations of one-bedroom units – overall and as part of constituent market and affordable elements of a proposal – will not be acceptable. F. Studio and bedsit units will be permitted where all of the following exceptional circumstances are demonstrated: (i) Studios/bedsits would constitute a very small proportion of the housing mix of a development proposal, both overall and/or in any constituent market or affordable elements; (ii) The delivery of additional higher priority unit sizes and/or proposed higher priority units of an increased size is not possible; and (iii) Provision of studios/bedsits would result in a high quality dwelling in accordance with Policy H4 and other relevant design policies. G. To maintain a supply of family homes, the conversion of a residential unit into a larger number of self-contained units will only be permitted where: (i) The total floor area of the existing dwelling is in excess of 125sqm GIA; (ii) The total number of new homes resulting from the conversion is optimised in line with the housing size mix priorities; and (iii) The dwelling mix does not contain any studio/bedsit units or more than one one bedroom unit.

Genuinely affordable housing

A. A minimum of 50% of the total net additional conventional housing built in the borough over the plan period must be genuinely affordable. Affordable housing tenures which are not considered to be genuinely affordable will be resisted and not be counted towards the level of affordable housing provision on individual schemes. B. All sites (except for those which are currently or have been in full or partial public sector ownership) which are capable of delivering 10 or more conventional units (gross) and/or which propose 1,000sqm (GIA) residential floorspace or more must: (i) provide 45% on-site affordable housing (by net additional unit) without public subsidy; and (ii) demonstrate how all potential public subsidy options for maximising the delivery of on-site affordable housing to reach 50% (by net additional unit) have been utilised. C. Where a site triggers Part B, and proposes a level of on-site affordable housing above 45% but less than 50% (regardless of whether public subsidy is provided or not), the proposal will be subject to detailed review mechanisms throughout the period up to full completion of the development, including a late stage review mechanism. Any sites which trigger Part B and provide 50% on-site affordable housing (by net additional unit) will not be subject to a review mechanism. D. All sites which are capable of delivering 10 or more conventional units (gross) and/or which propose 1,000sqm (GIA) residential floorspace or more, and which are currently or have been in public sector ownership (either part or full public ownership) must: (i) provide 50% on-site affordable housing (by net additional unit) without public subsidy; and (ii) demonstrate how all potential public subsidy options for maximising the delivery of on-site affordable housing in excess of 50% (by net additional unit) have been utilised, and demonstrate additionality delivered using any and all forms of public subsidy. E. Where a site triggers Part D, and additional on-site affordable housing does not demonstrate 'additionality' above 50% to the Council's satisfaction, the proposal will be subject to detailed review mechanisms throughout the period up to full completion of the development, including a late stage review mechanism. F. Where a proposal seeks to apply the portfolio approach in line with London Plan Policy H5 the following will need to be demonstrated: • At least 35% affordable housing is provided on-site (without subsidy); • Confirmation of the Mayor's agreement to use of the portfolio approach and robust evidence to demonstrate the delivery of 50% affordable housing (without subsidy) across the portfolio and the timescales associated with achieving this; and • All reasonable steps have been undertaken to maximise delivery of on-site affordable housing through public subsidy to deliver additionality above the level provided on-site under the portfolio approach. The Council will employ the use of early stage review mechanisms, as set out in paragraph 3.49, if substantial implementation is not achieved within two years. Where there are future changes to a proposal that result in a reduction of affordable housing provision agreed for the site under the portfolio approach, the proposal will be required to follow the viability tested route as set out in this policy. If a site falls outside of the portfolio approach due to a change in circumstances then the proposals will be required to comply with H3 parts B, C, D or E as relevant. G. Any proposal which does not provide the minimum required level of affordable housing set out in Part B or D will be refused unless the Council accepts Part H can be applied. H. Site-specific viability information will only be accepted in exceptional cases. This could include circumstances: (a) where a significant shift in macro-economic conditions has occurred which has a demonstrable negative impact on the delivery of development. (b) where a development is proposed which is of a wholly different type and is therefore not reflected by any of the typologies used in the viability assessment that informed the Local Plan. (c) where a development is proposed which demonstrates a very close alignment to a typology shown to be unviable at full policy compliance in the viability assessment that informed the Local Plan. (d) where the development in question is an Estate re-development scheme which involves the demolition and replacement of affordable housing. Where it is accepted that a site-specific financial viability assessment should be considered as part of an application, the Council will determine the weight to be given to the viability assessment alongside other material considerations, ensuring that developments remain acceptable in planning terms. For schemes where a site-specific financial viability assessment is accepted, the site-specific targets set out in Parts B or D must remain the starting point. Site-specific viability assessments will be tested rigorously and undertaken in line with the Council's Development Viability SPD and the maximum viable amount of affordable housing must be delivered. Such proposals will be subject to detailed review mechanisms throughout the period up to full completion of the development, including a late stage review mechanism. I. For schemes which are capable of delivering 10 or more conventional units (gross) and/or which propose 1,000sqm (GIA) residential floorspace, in genuinely exceptional circumstances affordable housing may be provided off-site or as a cash in lieu contribution. Cash in lieu contributions will be calculated based on the financial equivalent to on-site provision including an appropriate amount to take into account the value of the land. J. Where affordable housing is provided on-site, the Council will require an affordable housing tenure split of 70% social rented housing and 30% intermediate housing. The majority of intermediate units should be London Living Rent, and regard will be given to the priorities set out in the Council's Housing Strategy and other agreed evidence of housing need. K. Sites delivering fewer than 10 residential units (gross) and/or which propose less than 1,000sqm (GIA) residential floorspace are required to provide a financial contribution to fund the development of affordable housing off-site. The level of contribution required will be £50,000 per net additional unit, except for the area south of Pentonville Road/City Road where the contribution required will be £60,000 per net additional unit. L. For proposals which trigger affordable housing requirements in Islington (either on-site or through financial contributions), exceptional reasons will be required to justify application of the Vacant Building Credit and all of the following criteria must be met: (i) It has been demonstrated that the proposal has been considered under Policy H3, Part H and the criteria for pursuing the viability tested route are not satisfied. (ii) All buildings within the site boundary must be vacant at the time the application is submitted and it should be demonstrated that the buildings have been vacant for 3 years or more (this must meet the requirements set out in appendix 1). (iii) There are no extant or recently expired permissions on the site, for any proposed use class. (iv) It is clearly demonstrated that the site would otherwise not come forward for any form of redevelopment and the building has not been made vacant for the sole purpose of redevelopment. This should be evidenced by provision of marketing evidence for a continuous period of 24 months (up to the point of submission of an application). Such evidence must meet the marketing requirements set out in Appendix 1. Evidence should also be provided setting out any site specific issues which form a barrier to the redevelopment of the site.

Delivering high quality housing

A. All new C3 and C4 housing developments (including conversions and changes of use) and specialist housing identified in policies H7 to H9 and H11 must be designed and built to a high quality for the duration of its lifetime. A high quality dwelling is one which meets the criteria set out in this policy and accords with the Local Plan objectives and other relevant Local Plan policies. Sufficient information, such as detailed dwelling plans showing internal layout, must be provided at the earliest possible stage of an application, to allow for proper assessment of proposals. B. Residential development must be functional, useable and comfortable space that has good amenity for occupiers of all ages. Regard must be had to the surrounding local context as part of the holistic consideration of inclusive design. Housing must be built to be accessible and adaptable to meet changing occupier circumstances over the lifetime of the development, and must provide 90% of dwellings to Category M4(2) 'Accessible and Adaptable' standard; and the remaining 10% of dwellings to 'Wheelchair Adaptable Category M4(3)(2)(a)' standard or, where Islington Council are responsible for allocating or nominating a person to live in that dwelling, Wheelchair Accessible Category M4(3)(2)(b) as set out in the Approved Document M of the Building Regulations. C. The Council may, in limited circumstances, accept a S106 contribution in lieu of Category M4(3) units on site, where there is definitive local evidence (produced by the Council) of a supply/demand imbalance for wheelchair accessible units. This contribution will be used to finance the development of new and adapted wheelchair accessible units elsewhere in the borough where demand is more acute. Any units where the Council accepts a contribution in lieu must be designed to Category M4(2) standard, instead of M4(3). The process for securing this contribution, and the amount required, will be set out in a revised Inclusive Design SPD. D. Residential development must meet or exceed the minimum space standards, and address other requirements for private internal space, as set out in the London Plan and relevant Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG). Appropriate consideration must also be given to: (i) providing sufficient space for the general and specific storage needs of residents (including those with disabilities) living within dense urban development, where options for storing possessions are often very limited; (ii) how recycling and waste arising from the occupation of the development will be stored, collected and managed, particularly for flatted residential development; and (iii) provision of rooms which are designed to function comfortably and efficiently for their intended purpose. E. Good circulation space must be provided within each residential unit. Multi-storey dwellings must provide space for provision of a stair lift, and a suitably identified space for a through-the-floor lift from the entrance level. F. In new housing development, all habitable rooms, kitchens and bathrooms are required to have a minimum floor to ceiling height of 2.6 metres (between finished floor level and finished ceiling level). In residential conversions, including extensions, where the original ceiling height is maintained, a lower ceiling height may be acceptable where it can be demonstrated that overall a good standard of daylight, natural ventilation and useable floorspace can be provided. G. Layout and design must accord strictly with tenure blind principles to maximise opportunities for social interaction. Development must be designed from the outset to ensure shared building access for both market and affordable units. Where applicants have demonstrated that this is not possible and/or where shared building access would demonstrably impact the level of affordable housing on site, building access for affordable units must: (i) be accessible and located on main frontages or as close as possible to main frontages, unless location away from main frontages results in improved residential amenity; (ii) ensure that the location of building access will not affect safety and security of residents or lead to negative perceptions of safety and security; and (iii) maintain the dignity of residents of affordable units and avoid locating building access for these units adjacent to waste/refuse areas and/or other building services. H. Residential development, particularly flatted development and proposals involving the conversion of residential unit(s) into a larger number of units must consider the effect on the amenity of adjacent properties, and put in place measures to address any adverse effects raised. This consideration should include (but is not limited to): (i) internal layout, including the relationship of rooms on different floors within the scheme, and the position of entrances, extensions and fire escapes; (ii) consideration of any overlooking or overshadowing impacts; (iii) the impact on existing delivery and servicing provision; and (iv) noise and vibration impacts (see also Part J of this policy). I. All new residential units should be dual aspect, unless provision of dual aspect is demonstrated to be impossible or unfavourable. Where such circumstances are demonstrated, all single aspect units must: (i) provide a good level of daylight for each habitable room, and optimise opportunity for direct sunlight; (ii) ensure that the aspect is not predominantly north-facing and does not face onto main roads or other significant sources of air pollution and/or noise and vibration, which would preclude opening windows; (iii) provide a good level of natural ventilation throughout the dwelling via passive/non-mechanical design measures; and (iv) ensure that future occupiers have a good level of privacy and do not experience adverse impacts from overlooking. J. The design of all residential development is required to maximise natural light into the room (subject to passive heating and cooling considerations). The glazing to all habitable rooms must be generous and should aim to be not less than 20% of the internal floor area of the room. All dwellings should provide for direct sunlight to enter the main habitable rooms for a reasonable period of the day. K. All development proposals which include residential units must fully assess noise and vibration impacts on and between dwellings, in line with Policy DH5. Proposals should: (i) ensure residential units are sited away from sources of noise and vibration, to prevent impacts occurring; or (ii) Where this is not possible, provide a detailed assessment of noise and vibration impacts. Where noise and/or vibration effects are identified suitable mitigation measures must be put in place to reduce these effects, through the proposed layout (including the interaction of non-residential and residential uses in mixed use developments), design and materials. Effects will need to be suitably mitigated for planning permission to be granted. L. All development proposals which include residential units must ensure that the overall approach to all entrances is logical, legible and level or gently sloping. The distance from parking spaces/drop-off points to the main entrance to the residential building must be no more than 50m. The total distance between a parking space/drop-off point and an individual dwelling entrance must be no more than 75m. M. In all new residential development, the number of dwellings accessed from a single core must not be more than eight on each floor, although a smaller number is preferable. The following criteria must be addressed in relation to shared circulation space: (i) Common/shared entrances should lead to a hall large enough for people to manoeuvre with shopping and/or baby buggies and/or wheelchairs with ease. (ii) All dwellings should be provided with step-free or lift access. (iii) Communal circulation corridors should ideally be 1,500mm wide, but no less than [text cut off]

Private outdoor space

A. All new residential development and conversions will be required to provide private outdoor space, in the form of gardens (for houses and ground floor maisonettes) or balconies (for upper floor dwellings). Any provision must be of a good quality which is designed – in terms of its shape, position and location within development proposals – to ensure a good level of amenity with regard to daylight and sunlight, noise, enclosure, overlooking, privacy and security. B. Glazed ventilated winter gardens may be considered an acceptable form of private outdoor open space where: (i) gardens or balconies would lead to issues of overlooking, either for future occupiers of the proposed residential unit or for existing adjacent residential units; or (ii) gardens or balconies would be likely to experience noise in excess of relevant standard set out in Appendix 2. C. Where winter gardens are acceptable in line with Part B, they must have a drained floor and be thermally separated from the interior; and must be of a good quality in line with considerations set out in Part A. D. The minimum requirement for private outdoor space is 5sqm on upper floors and 15sqm on ground floors, for 1-2 person dwellings. For each additional occupant, an extra 1sqm is required on upper floors and an extra 5sqm on ground floors. E. Balconies and other private external spaces must have a depth and width of not less than 1.5 metres. F. Communal provision of private outdoor space, in lieu of private outdoor space for each individual residential unit, will only be acceptable for non-family units, where: (i) provision of individual private outdoor space is considered likely to cause significant adverse impacts related to overlooking and noise, both within and external to the development; (ii) the provision of communal outdoor space would lead to a higher quality scheme overall; (iii) the level of communal space provided is commensurate with the type and size of the accommodation and the households it is intended to serve; and (iv) access to communal space is not restricted, particularly on the basis of the tenure of residential units. G. Where roofs are utilised to provide private and/or communal outdoor space, proposals must demonstrate that: (i) there are no adverse impacts relating to noise, overlooking and privacy of future residential occupiers as well as existing residents adjacent to the site; (ii) the space is designed to prevent crime and to ensure that security of residents is not compromised; and (iii) use of roofs for amenity purposes is balanced with the use for green roofs and renewable energy equipment in line with relevant Local Plan policies, through careful design which prioritises and integrates the benefits for biodiversity, carbon reduction and amenity. H. All new build residential developments and, where practicable, residential conversions, must provide step-free access and a level threshold from homes to private outdoor space. I. Any basement and/or ground floor unit must have a defensible space not less than 1.5 metres in depth in front of any window to a bedroom or habitable room.

Purpose-built Student Accommodation

A. Proposals involving the development, redevelopment and/or intensification of purpose-built student accommodation will only be permitted on: (i) sites allocated for purpose-built student accommodation; or (ii) sites with existing purpose-built existing student accommodation, subject to consistency with other Local Plan policies and additional impacts of development being acceptable; or (iii) a university campus where reconfiguration of the educational floorspace as part of a wider master-planned approach to the higher education providers' plans for change result in a consolidation of social infrastructure floorspace that complies with Policy SC1, Part E (iii) B. All proposals involving the development, redevelopment and/or intensification of purpose-built student accommodation must ensure a high standard of amenity for future occupiers of the development and residents in the surrounding area and must meet all the following criteria: (i) Provide high quality accommodation in line with the relevant policy requirements set out in Policy H4, including the provision of good-sized rooms and communal space. General needs units must be designed to be 'visitable' and shared facilities must be accessible. A high level of amenity must be provided, including limiting noise impacts and providing good levels of daylight and sunlight, and natural ventilation; (ii) Ensure that 5% of bedspaces, their associated bathrooms and all common parts are easily adaptable for occupation by wheelchair users; (iii) Ensure that the development is subject to an appropriate site management and maintenance plan; (iv) Demonstrate, through a binding nomination agreement, that the accommodation will only be occupied by students of one or more higher education provider(s). Priority must be given to higher education providers in close proximity to the proposed accommodation in the first instance, then those located elsewhere within the borough; (v) Temporary use of student accommodation for ancillary uses will be secured via legal agreements/conditions to ensure the potential impacts on the safety, security and privacy of both resident students and wider amenity impacts are managed. The potential cumulative impact on housing supply will be considered and any proposal for temporary use which cannot be demonstrated to be ancillary will be resisted; and (vi) Provide at least 35% affordable student accommodation in line with London Plan Policy H15. (vii) Demonstrates the development contributes to a mixed and inclusive neighbourhood.

Meeting the needs of vulnerable older people

A. The need for accommodation for older people will be met primarily through delivery of conventional residential accommodation designed to be adaptable to changing needs over time. Different levels of care may be delivered in conventional accommodation which means there is likely to be a lesser need for certain specialist forms of older persons housing, in particular market extra care housing. B. There is some local need for affordable one and two-bed extra-care units. This specific type of specialist older persons accommodation may be acceptable on certain schemes, but only where the Council's Adult Social Care service consider that the proposed accommodation would meet a defined need. C. Specialist C3 and non-C3 older peoples residential accommodation such as care homes and extra care facilities will only be suitable where: (i) there is evidence of local unmet need for specialist older people accommodation, or it would contribute to meeting the London Plan benchmark figure of 900 dwellings over the plan period; (ii) affordable housing is provided in line with Policy H3; (iii) it has adequately considered and addressed all design issues in Part D or Part E to ensure the accommodation is suitable for the intended occupiers; (iv) it provides the necessary level of supervision, management and care/support, which is secured in a legal agreement; (v) it is easily accessible to public transport, shops, services and community facilities appropriate to the needs of the intended occupiers; and (vi) it constitutes a suitable use for the site considering the surrounding neighbourhood, potential for development of other priority land uses and its contribution to mixed and balanced communities. D. Extra care proposals will be usually classed as a C3 use. Such proposals must demonstrate that the following design issues have been considered and addressed to ensure the accommodation is suitable for the intended occupiers: (i) The proposal is for provision of self-contained units (or at least en-suite private rooms which meet or exceed minimum space standards) which addresses other requirements for private internal space; (ii) There is appropriate privacy of internal spaces in the building for relevant groups, namely residents and any staff accommodation/rooms; (iii) Appropriate bathrooms, kitchen/laundry facilities and appropriate rooms for activities/therapy/community use are provided; (iv) Appropriate wheelchair accessibility is provided in line with Policy H4; (v) Good quality guest and/or staff accommodation (where appropriate) is provided in line with minimum space standards, with sufficient storage space and facilities for visitors and staff; (vi) Servicing access and a safe drop off point is within 50m of the main entrance in line with Policy H4; and (vii) Provision of suitable charging points for mobility scooters is included on-site with a minimum standard of secure scooter storage and charging facilities equivalent to 25% of dwellings. E. Care homes must demonstrate that the following design issues have been considered and addressed to ensure the accommodation is suitable for the intended occupiers: (i) There is appropriate privacy of internal spaces in the building for relevant groups, namely residents and staff; (ii) 100% of all habitable rooms are wheelchair accessible; (iii) Accommodation is provided in line with relevant design guidance and best practice standards; (iv) Servicing access and a safe drop off point is provided within 50m of the main entrance. This must be appropriate for ambulance/mini bus drop-off; and (v) Provision of accessible communal outdoor space for use by residents, staff and visitors of a good quality and which is designed – in terms of its shape, position and location within development proposals – to ensure a good level of amenity with regard to daylight and sunlight, noise, enclosure, overlooking, privacy and security. F. The Council will resist development which involves the loss of floorspace in specialist older peoples accommodation unless: (i) adequate replacement on-site accommodation will be provided that satisfies Part D or Part E; or (ii) adequate replacement accommodation is provided elsewhere in the borough that satisfies Part D or Part E; or (iii) the applicant can robustly demonstrate that there is a surplus over a long-term of this housing type in Islington; and it can be demonstrated that the existing accommodation is unsatisfactory for modern standards and/or not fit for purpose.

Self-build and Custom Housebuilding

A. Proposals including Self-build and Custom build unit(s) must: (i) meet an identified need for self-build or custom housebuilding as identified on the Islington self-build and custom housebuilding register; (ii) make the most efficient use of land, optimising the number of residential unit(s) and level of density that would be expected given the site size, context and layout; (iii) provide high quality homes in line with Policy H4; (iv) provide affordable housing in line with Policy H3 (either on-site or off-site contribution depending on proposed number of net additional homes); and (v) comply with other relevant policies including sustainable design policies.

Supported Housing

A. The Council will support the provision of new supported housing where: (i) it meets an identified need, including larger-than-local need; (ii) it is suitable for the intended occupiers in terms of the standard of facilities and the level of independence, and provides the necessary level of supervision, management and care/support. Regard must be had to Policy H4 and any best practice standards that the Council considers relevant and which are related to the specific type of accommodation and the people/groups it is targeted to; and (iii) there is easy access to public transport, shops, services and community facilities appropriate to the needs of the intended occupiers. B. The Council will resist the loss of supported housing unless: (i) adequate replacement accommodation of the same quality and quantity will be provided for the particular group; (ii) it can be demonstrated that the accommodation is no longer needed for the particular group or other relevant groups in need of supported housing; or (iii) it can be demonstrated that the accommodation is not fit for purpose for its current use or other relevant types of supported housing.

Infrastructure Planning and Smarter City Approach

A. The Council will identify and deliver the infrastructure required to support development growth over the plan period and enable effective delivery of the Local Plan objectives, through: (i) utilising an Infrastructure Delivery Plan and working with relevant providers to ensure necessary infrastructure is provided; and (ii) requiring contributions from development to ensure that the infrastructure needs associated with development will be provided for, and to mitigate the impact of development. B. The Council will utilise its planning function to put in place measures to develop the Smart Cities approach in Islington, by: (i) working with infrastructure providers to ensure world-class connectivity and ensuring developers provide in-building infrastructure capable of significantly exceeding minimum building control standards; (ii) considering use and interoperability of data, and digital innovation as part of the planning application process; and (iii) considering how the Council can promote use of technology to help people to live better lives.

Telecommunications, communications and utilities equipment

A. Telecommunications, communications and utilities equipment, including masts, boxes and satellite dishes will only be permitted where: (i) they are sited and designed to minimise their visual impact; (ii) they do not include advertising or lighting that would cause a distraction/danger to motorists, cyclists or pedestrians; (iii) they do not have a detrimental effect upon the character or appearance of the building or area; (iv) they do not compromise meeting other policy requirements including the delivery of sustainable design measures; (v) innovative design and technological solutions have been explored to minimise visual impact, and (vi) there is no reasonable possibility of sharing facilities. B. All digital infrastructure must provide self-certification to the effect that a mobile phone base station, when operational, will meet the International Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNRP) guidelines. C. Applications for mobile phone network development must demonstrate that they have followed and are in accordance with the Code of Best Practice on Mobile Network Development in England or subsequent similar guidance, and the latest TfL Streets toolkit guidance.

Water and wastewater infrastructure

A. Adequate water and wastewater infrastructure must be provided to serve all new developments. Applicants are encouraged to engage with relevant water/wastewater companies at the earliest possible opportunity, ideally at pre-application stage, to establish any potential water and wastewater network reinforcement requirements. B. Planning permission will only be granted for developments which increase the demand for off-site service infrastructure where: (i) sufficient capacity already exists; or (ii) extra capacity can be provided in time to serve the development which will ensure that the environment and the amenities of local residents are not adversely affected. C. When there is a capacity constraint and improvements in off-site infrastructure are not programmed, planning permission will only be granted where the developer funds the appropriate improvements to cater for the development. Any improvements must be completed prior to occupation of the relevant phase of development; this will be secured by planning condition.

Bunhill and Clerkenwell

A. The Bunhill and Clerkenwell area is made up of the following six Spatial Strategy areas (shown on Figure 2.2): • City Fringe Opportunity Area • City Road • Farringdon • Mount Pleasant and Exmouth Market • Central Finsbury • Historic Clerkenwell B. The Bunhill and Clerkenwell Area Action Plan (AAP) has policies for each Spatial Strategy area, which set out the key strategic considerations for these areas. These areas have been defined by their scope for development opportunities to meet key needs (in particular office use) and distinctive characteristics that must be maintained and enhanced. C. The AAP also sets out area-wide policies focused on prioritising and supporting the office function of the area, as well as consolidating and enhancing the area's cultural, retail and leisure role. D. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 1,260 homes and 216,900sqm of office space over the plan period.

King's Cross and Pentonville Road

A. The King's Cross Spatial Strategy area is partly covered by the CAZ, while the remaining part is a CAZ fringe location, including the King's Cross Priority Employment Location (PEL). Within these locations existing business uses will be safeguarded and proposals for the intensification, renewal and modernisation of existing business floorspace is encouraged. Proposals for new business floorspace are required to maximise the provision of business floorspace. B. A broad range of business floorspace typologies are suitable within the Spatial Strategy area, including Grade A offices, hybrid space, and co-working space. C. The Local Shopping Areas (LSAs) of Kings Cross, Caledonian Road (Copenhagen Street) and Caledonian Road (Central) are located in the Spatial Strategy area. The existing retail and service function of these areas will be maintained and enhanced in line with Policy R4. These shopping areas function together collectively to form a 'high street' along Caledonian Road, which should continue to provide important services for local communities, particularly retail and leisure. D. Opportunities to repair, improve and unify existing frontages on Caledonian Road are encouraged, in particular the stretch between the junctions of Twyford Street and Copenhagen Street. E. The Council aims to improve the pedestrian, cyclist and bus network and will seek to reduce traffic access on some residential roads. Improvements to public transport capacity are supported. General improvements to the public realm, specifically along York Way and Caledonian Road, will create a safer and better-quality environment for pedestrians and cyclists. Measures to improve bus journey time and bus priority (especially over private vehicles) are supported. F. The Council will seek to improve connectivity and permeability for pedestrians and cyclists, within and across the Kings Cross area and nearby neighbourhoods, particularly east-west access. Removing barriers to movement and integrating the urban fabric are key priorities for the whole area, but particularly between the area east of York Way and King's Cross Central. All new development proposals, transport and other public realm schemes must contribute towards achieving these priorities. G. Regent's Canal will continue to be an important multifunctional space, primarily as a wildlife corridor but also as a recreational space for pedestrians and cyclists. Access to the canal should be improved, although increased access must not cause detrimental impacts, particularly for biodiversity. H. Proposals for boater facilities and residential moorings, including those which meet an identified housing need for boat dwellers, will be permitted where: (i) public access to and along the towpath is not impeded; (ii) they do not hinder navigation along the waterway; (iii) there is no adverse impact on leisure provision that cannot be mitigated; (iv) there is no detrimental impact on air quality, nature conservation and biodiversity value and the character and amenity of the waterway corridor including its function as public open space; and (v) they respect the amenity of neighbouring residential properties. I. In addition to Part H above: (i) To meet the identified need for 7 additional permanent moorings for boat dwellers by 2025 the council will work with the Canal and River Trust to identify opportunities for and convert where appropriate, existing leisure moorings in the area as well as exploring other opportunities for moorings through a waterspace strategy. (ii) If the measures in (i) do not result in the delivery of 7 permanent moorings by the end of 2024, the Council will undertake an early focused review of Policy SP2. (iii) Development of boater facilities will only be acceptable where there is an identified need, which will include being identified in the London Mooring Strategy. (iv) Development of residential moorings must be located on the south of the canal (off-side) and supporting uses and facilities must be in place before the first use of the mooring. J. King's Cross has a distinct character, and the area contains a number of heritage assets, including the Regent's Canal and a number of listed buildings. The area's character will be protected and enhanced, with high quality design encouraged to respect the local context of King's Cross and its surroundings. K. Four sites in the Spatial Strategy area have been identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings over 30 metres. L. Housing development will come forward on sites allocated for housing as well as windfall sites in the area over the plan period. M. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 270 homes and 20,500sqm of office space over the plan period.

Highbury Corner and Lower Holloway

A. Highbury Corner is a key transport node in Islington. Significant transport improvements are being delivered to improve the pedestrian, cyclist and road networks in the area, particularly around the station. The Council will continue to work with TfL to make Highbury Corner safe and accessible for all users, primarily through the delivery of an ongoing transformation project at Highbury Corner Roundabout which includes: (i) closing the western arm of the roundabout to create a new public space, which includes Highbury & Islington Station forecourt and part of the arboretum (with the remainder of the arboretum to remain closed off); (ii) improving pedestrian crossings, which will allow pedestrians to move around the area more safely and directly, and will improve access and permeability to the surrounding area, including Highbury Fields; and (iii) introducing a dedicated, segregated cycle lane associated with the new public space, to help reduce the risk of conflicts and to make cycling safer. B. There may be an opportunity to improve/redevelop the current station, with the potential to deck over the existing railway lines and build above the tracks. Any redevelopment would need to integrate seamlessly with the newly created public space, which will be safeguarded from redevelopment. Mixed-use development would be appropriate and active ground floor uses encouraged on those parts of the site fronting onto Highbury Corner and Holloway Road. Office use is also encouraged above the station. Opportunities to improve accessibility to the station should be explored, either as part of redevelopment or through other proposals such as reopening the old Highbury Station entrance (see site allocation HC1). C. The LSAs of Lower Holloway Road, St. Paul's and Upper Street are the main retail centres within the Spatial Strategy area. The existing retail and service function of the area must be maintained and enhanced. D. Existing business uses will be protected, and the development of new business floorspace encouraged, particularly within PELs. Space which meets the diverse needs of the SME economy, including studios and co-working space, is supported. E. Cultural and night-time economy uses will be protected. The Garage and the Union Chapel are of more than local significance, and retention of these uses is a key priority. F. The historic character of the Highbury Corner and Lower Holloway area will be protected and enhanced, with high quality design encouraged so that it respects the local context. Views of the Grade I listed Union Chapel – a key heritage asset and designated local landmark – will be protected. G. Highbury Fields – which lies just outside the Spatial Strategy area - is the largest open space in the borough, and one of only two designated pieces of Metropolitan Open Land. The function of Highbury Fields will be strongly protected. Development in close proximity to Highbury Fields must preserve or enhance this unique asset, including views to and from the open space. H. Housing will come forward on sites allocated for housing as well as windfall sites within the Spatial Strategy Area. I. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 50 homes and 4,200sqm of office space over the plan period.

Retail, leisure and services, culture and visitor accommodation

A. Town Centres are a focal point for commercial, cultural and civic activity in the borough. There are four Town Centres in Islington: Angel; Nags Head; Finsbury Park; and Archway. Each Town Centre has its own character and serves different functions, which must be maintained and enhanced. Each Town Centre is covered by a specific Spatial Strategy, set out in chapter 2. The Town Centre boundaries are defined on the Policies Map and shown in Figures 4.2 to 4.5 below. B. The Council will seek to ensure that all Town Centres develop in a way that supports their continued vitality and viability to meet the needs of local residents, and provide a diverse retail and leisure experience for residents, workers and visitors alike. C. Primary Shopping Areas are where retail uses are concentrated in Islington's Town Centres. The Primary Shopping Area boundaries in each Town Centre are defined on the Policies Map and shown in Figures 4.2 to 4.5 below. Where possible retail uses will be maintained in Primary Shopping Areas. Outside the Primary Shopping Area, a range of main Town Centre uses are considered suitable, in order to promote and encourage diverse shopping and leisure destinations. D. LSAs provide more local services, particularly essential convenience retail which caters for daily shopping needs. Some LSAs also have a more diverse mix of commercial uses, particularly leisure uses, which can help to sustain the vibrancy of these areas. LSAs are identified on the Policies Map. E. There are a number of other retail and leisure uses that provide a valuable service to local communities but are not within specifically designated areas. These dispersed uses, particularly within retail and café/restaurant use, will be protected where possible. F. Residential uses may be acceptable on upper floors in town centres and local shopping areas where they contribute to the vitality and viability of the designated retail area, and reflect existing character. G. Small shops/commercial units contribute to the unique character of Islington and support local businesses. The Council will protect existing small shops/commercial units where possible. The Council will promote new small retail provision as part of new developments at ground floor. H. Specialist Shopping Areas, such as Fonthill Road and Camden Passage, add to the unique selling proposition and character within Angel and Finsbury Park Primary Shopping Areas, and contribute to the vitality and viability of the borough. Retail uses in this area will be strongly protected, including retail use on upper floors. I. Retail, service and leisure uses will be resisted where, by virtue of their location and/or concentration, they would have negative impacts on the character, function and amenity of an area or would negatively impact on the health and wellbeing of the borough's residents. J. Within retail areas, streets will be actively managed to balance the demands on the public realm from businesses, particularly restaurants and cafés, and the need for easy pedestrian movement. Active frontages will be promoted. K. New retail development must incorporate the highest inclusive design standards achievable in context, in line with relevant guidance produced by the Council. L. Cultural uses are an essential part of Islington's social and economic fabric and their loss or diminution will be strongly resisted. M. Islington has a varied night-time economy which the Council will seek to protect and enhance where appropriate. Concentrations of night-time economy uses exist in the borough including in designated Cultural Quarters. The Council will work with partners to support and manage a thriving and safe night-time economy that is wellserved by safe, convenient and sustainable night-time transport. N. Angel Town Centre and part of the Clerkenwell and Farringdon area are designated Cultural Quarters. Development proposals within Cultural Quarters should be consistent with Policy R10 by providing new/improved cultural uses and/or uses which support the cultural function within the Quarter and the character of the area. The Cultural Quarter boundaries are defined on the Policies Map. O. Pubs are part of Islington's social fabric and they contribute positively to Islington's culture, character and economy. The loss of pubs will be resisted and new pubs encouraged where appropriate. P. The development of new cultural and night-time economy uses must incorporate the highest inclusive design standards achievable in context, in line with relevant guidance produced by the Council. Q. To ensure that land is safeguarded for uses which are greater strategic priorities in Islington, development, redevelopment and/or intensification of visitor accommodation will only be supported in specific locations. R. Visitor accommodation must be well-designed, accessible and sustainable.

Public Houses

A. The Council will resist proposals that result in the removal or change of use of a Public House, particularly where this would result in loss of heritage and/or social/community value, and/or would constitute the loss of a pub which contributes to the night-time economy. B. Any proposal for the change of use, redevelopment and/or demolition of a Public House which meets any of the criterion in Part A must demonstrate that: (i) the Public House has been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no realistic prospect of the unit being used as a Public House in the foreseeable future. Such evidence must meet the marketing and vacancy requirements set out in Appendix 1; (ii) the proposed alternative use will not detrimentally affect the character, vitality and viability of the area; or the amenity or future operation of land uses in the immediate area (including ongoing operation of the Public House where a partial change of use is proposed, e.g. on upper floors); (iii) appropriate, documented measures have been undertaken to improve the viable operation of the public house, which have proven unsuccessful; (iv) the condition of the pub is conducive to occupation; and (v) significant features of historic or character value are retained. C. Visitor accommodation which is proposed on any non-operational upper floors of a Public House, and which is clearly subservient to the Public House function, may be appropriate where: (i) any adverse impacts on the operation of the Public House, particularly relating to issues of security, are prevented through design; (ii) the visitor accommodation does not lead to any intensive additional delivery and servicing requirements; (iii) visitor accommodation achieves the highest possible inclusive design standards; (iv) proposals comply with design requirements set out Policy R12 Part D; and (v) visitor accommodation is designed, leased and operated as a hotel for temporary occupation. Where necessary, conditions will be used to ensure that visitor accommodation is not permanently occupied.

Visitor accommodation

A. Proposals involving the development, redevelopment and/or intensification of visitor accommodation will only be permitted on: (i) sites allocated for visitor accommodation; or (ii) sites with existing visitor accommodation in Town Centres and the CAZ B. Proposals under Part A(ii) involving the redevelopment/intensification of existing visitor accommodation will only be permitted where: (i) delivery of other priority uses, particularly business floorspace, is not possible, in line with relevant policies and priorities; and (ii) the proposal is consistent with other Local Plan policies, particularly relating to design, sustainability and transport. C. Visitor accommodation which is proposed on any non-operational upper floors of a Public House, and which is clearly subservient to the Public House function, may be appropriate as set out in Policy R11. Such visitor accommodation must meet criteria set out in Policy R11 Part C. D. All proposals involving visitor accommodation – development, redevelopment and/or intensification – must fully address the following criteria: (i) Any adverse impacts on nearby residential amenity, including cumulative impacts, must be prevented or appropriately mitigated; (ii) Appropriate arrangements must be put in place for pick up/drop off, service delivery vehicles and coaches, appropriate to the size of the visitor accommodation; (iii) Where visitor accommodation is provided as part of a mixed-use development, full separation of uses must be provided where possible; (iv) A good standard of amenity and safety is provided, with an acceptable level of noise, vibration, daylight and sunlight. Proposals must be inclusive, providing at least 10% of all rooms to wheelchair accessible standards (fully fitted from occupation); and (v) Ancillary facilities which are open for public use and create employment opportunities for local residents – such as restaurants, gyms and conference facilities – must be provided where appropriate. E. The Council will afford preference to visitor accommodation that is designed, leased and operated as a hotel for temporary occupation. Where necessary, conditions will be used to ensure that visitor accommodation is not permanently occupied. F. Any proposal for the change of use of existing conventional or non-self-contained residential accommodation to visitor accommodation (both temporary and permanent change of use) will be refused.

Primary Shopping Areas

A. In order to meet retail needs and support a retail function within Primary Shopping Areas (PSA), the Council is seeking a percentage of retail use at a minimum of 60% in Angel and Nag's Head Major Town Centres; 55% in Finsbury Park District Town Centre; and 50% in Archway District Town Centre. B. New development at ground floor in the PSA should contribute to the retail function as set out in Part A and will be appropriately conditioned to maintain this. C. Proposals for Class E uses which do not contribute to the retail function at the ground floor within the PSA must: (i) prevent/mitigate any individual or cumulative impact on the objective to maintain the vitality, viability, character and vibrancy of the retail function of the Primary Shopping Area; (ii) provide an active main town centre use frontage at ground floor level, particularly where fronting main transport/pedestrian route(s); and (iii) ensure there is no harmful break in the continuity of the active frontage. D. Where ground floor retail floorspace is conditioned for that use, and a proposal is seeking a change of use to another Class E use or full Class E flexibility, the proposal must demonstrate continuous marketing evidence for a period of 6 months, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used for continued retail use. E. Proposals for change of use on the ground floor from Class E to other main town centre uses will be required to demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for at least 12 months. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used in its current use as well as other main town centre E uses as set out in Appendix 1, to demonstrate that no main town centre E use is viable. F. Proposals for change of Class E use on the ground floor of premises in the PSA to residential, outside of the Specialist Shopping Area, will be required to demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used for retail, Class E or other appropriate main Town Centre uses.

Islington's retail hierarchy

A. The Council will seek to maintain and enhance the retail, service and leisure function of Islington's four Town Centres, which are designated on the Policies Map and shown on Figures 4.2 to 4.5. B. Proposals for main Town Centre use floorspace should be located within a designated Town Centre. Proposals for these uses outside a designated Town Centre will only be permitted where they meet relevant criteria under Part C, D, E or F. Town Centres C. Any development proposed within a designated Town Centre must: (i) ensure adverse impacts on vibrancy, vitality, viability and character of the centre are fully mitigated. (ii) provide a frontage which engages positively with local character and the street scene. Where historic shopfronts and features are present, these must be retained. (iii) provide a high quality design including meeting policies related to accessibility and sustainability; (iv) provide a good level of amenity for residents and businesses and ensure that adverse impacts from noise, odour, fumes, anti-social behaviour and other potential harms are fully mitigated. Central Activities Zone D. The CAZ is the primary office location and offices will be supported and secured in line with Policies AAP1 (Bunhill and Clerkenwell AAP) and B1. Proposals for other elements of Class E including retail and other main Town Centre use floorspace in the CAZ may be acceptable where: (i) the scale of the development would not have an adverse individual or cumulative impact on the character, function, vitality and viability of Islington's Town Centres or LSAs. An impact assessment may be required to fully assess potential impacts; (ii) the proposal can be accommodated without adverse impact on the amenity of residents and businesses; and (iii) the proposal does not involve the loss of existing business floorspace in line with Policy B3; complements the overarching business floorspace focus within the CAZ; and does not detract from the policy requirement to maximise the amount of business floorspace as part of new development. Local Shopping Areas E. Proposals for development of up to 200sqm of main Town Centre uses in LSAs are not required to meet the sequential test. Proposals in excess of 200sqm must meet the sequential test and actively investigate and consider preferable locations in line with the Council's retail hierarchy. An impact assessment may also be required for proposals in excess of 200sqm, to assess the impact of larger proposals on the existing character and function of the LSA and relevant neighbouring LSAs and Town Centres. Edge of centre/Out of centre F. Any proposal for main Town Centre uses in an edge-of-centre location outside LSAs or in an out-of-centre location must: (i) meet the sequential test and actively investigate and consider sequentially preferable locations in line with the Council's retail hierarchy, and provide robust justification for not locating in sequentially preferable locations; and (ii) provide an impact assessment which determines whether there would be likely significant adverse impacts on relevant Town Centres and/or LSAs. Residential use in town centres G. Additional conventional housing in town centres is acceptable subject to compliance with the following criteria and other relevant policies. Applications involving the change of use from existing Class E and/or main Town Centre uses, to residential use must: (i) follow the 'agent-of-change' principle consistent with Policy DH5. (ii) ensure that the proposed residential use does not affect the operation of any continued main Town Centre use floorspace; and (iii) provide high quality dwellings with a high standard of residential amenity, consistent with other relevant policies, including those relating to housing standards, design, accessibility and sustainability. H. New conventional housing in Town Centre locations not involving change of use of existing main Town Centre uses is supported. Proposals should be located on upper floors and must address criteria set out in Part G(i) to (iii).

Local Shopping Areas

B. Proposals involving the change of use from E – including ground floor, basement and first floor space - to non-E main town centre use must demonstrate that: (i) the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least six months and continuous marketing evidence to cover this period has been provided which demonstrates that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used in its current E use in line with requirements in Appendix 1; (ii) there would not be a significant adverse effect on amenity, particularly the surrounding residential amenity; and (iii) the proposal does not cause any individual or cumulative adverse impact on the vitality, viability, character, vibrancy and function of the area. C. Development of main town centre uses over 200sqm must meet the requirements in Policy R3 Part E. D. Applications for the change of use of Class E and/or Sui Generis main Town Centre use floorspace to residential use and/or a use other than those specified in Part B must: (i) demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years and continuous marketing evidence to cover this period has been provided, which demonstrates that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used in its current use and any other use which could reasonably be assumed to occupy the premises; (ii) prevent/mitigate any individual or cumulative impact on the vitality, viability, character, vibrancy and function of the area; (iii) comply with the 'agent-of-change' principle consistent with Policy DH5; (iv) not create a harmful break in the active frontage of the Local Shopping Area; (v) ensure that access to the proposed residential use does not affect the operation of any continued main Town Centre use floorspace or impact on the street scene and the provision of an active frontage, especially where the loss of floorspace is proposed to facilitate access; and (vi) provide high quality dwellings with a high standard of residential amenity, consistent with other policies relating to housing standards, design, accessibility and sustainability. E. Any applications for new residential uses in a Local Shopping Area not involving change of use of existing main Town Centre uses must be located on upper floors. Proposals must address criteria set out in Part D (ii), (iii), (v), and (vi) of Policy R4.

Dispersed retail and leisure uses

A. The Council will support and protect retail uses located outside designated Town Centres and LSAs. Proposals involving the loss of dispersed retail units and cafes/restaurants – including ground floor, basement and first floor space to non-E main town centre use – must: (i) Demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least one year. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used in its current use or any other suitable E use; and (ii) provide evidence that there will be accessible provision of essential daily goods (typically convenience retail) within a short walking distance (within 300m). B. Where a new retail development comes forward in some circumstances where there is a particular local need, the council will seek to condition the unit in retail use to provide essential daily goods. C. Proposals for the change of use of dispersed retail or café/restaurant units to residential use will only be considered acceptable where Part A of this policy is satisfied, where high quality dwellings with a high standard of residential amenity will be provided consistent with other policies and standards relating to housing and design.

Maintaining and enhancing Islington's unique retail character

A. The Council views the retention of small shops as a baseline and places great weight on the need to retain any retail unit which currently or potentially could be utilised by small retailers. In order to encourage new provision of small retail units, the Council will seek to secure small retail units (generally considered to be units of around 80sqm GIA or less) suitable for occupation by small retailers by: (i) requiring proposals for new retail development to incorporate small retail premises, proportionate to the scale of the proposal and/or; (ii) requiring proposals for the redevelopment of small retail units to incorporate adequate re-provision of small units to compensate for any loss, particularly for essential services and/or; (iii) requiring proposals for major housing developments to incorporate small retail units where there is no accessible provision of essential daily goods available within a short walking distance (within 300m); and (iv) where appropriate, attaching conditions to permissions for small retail units, requiring planning permission to be sought for the future amalgamation of units into larger premises; specifying a certain level of convenience goods in order to protect and promote essential services; and/or making planning consent personal to a specific individual/organisation. B. In order to maintain Islington's retail character, particularly the prevalence of small retail units, the Council will resist the amalgamation of individual E use units. Amalgamation of retail units may be suitable where development proposals demonstrate that the intensification of use would not: (i) detrimentally affect the street scene and/or character of the local area; and/or (ii) cause unacceptable adverse impacts on the local environment and/or amenity, including impacts from altered/intensified delivery and servicing arrangements.

Markets and specialist shopping areas

A. The Council will seek to maintain, and support the enhancement of, existing markets within the borough. B. New markets are encouraged in Town Centres and appropriate locations in the CAZ, where they support and enhance the function of a specific locality and do not adversely impact any predominant 'bricks-and-mortar' based uses. C. The Council will continue to protect and promote the role of Specialist Shopping Areas at Camden Passage and Fonthill Road. Proposals should not result in the percentage of retail uses in the Specialist Shopping Areas falling below 75%. Proposals for change of use from E use to non-E main town centre uses must demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used for continued retail use or other E class leisure uses which would complement the specialist shopping function. Marketing in SSAs must follow the requirements set out in Appendix 1. D. In order to not diminish their unique function and character, proposals for the change of use from main town centre uses to residential of any part of the premises, including upper floors or ancillary space, will be required to demonstrate that the premises have been vacant for a continuous period of at least two years. Continuous marketing evidence to cover this period must be provided, to demonstrate that there is no reasonable prospect of the unit being used for retail use, Class E or other appropriate supporting main Town Centre uses, in line with Appendix 1. E. Regardless of the resulting percentage of retail uses, proposals that result in the partial loss of retail floorspace (including ancillary floorspace) in Specialist Shopping Areas must demonstrate that the loss will not undermine the effective operation of the retail unit and/or collectively undermine the function of the Specialist Shopping Area. F. Any individual or cumulative impacts on the vitality, viability, character, vibrancy and predominantly retail function of the Specialist Shopping Area should be prevented and/or mitigated.

Location and Concentration of Uses

A. Proposals will be resisted where they result in an unacceptable concentration of uses, such as night-time economy uses, hot food takeaways, betting shops and other gambling facilities and payday loan shops. The wide range of Class E uses also allows for overconcentration of certain uses, such as but not limited to café/restaurants, which have potential to cumulatively cause heightened adverse amenity impacts. Concentration of uses will be assessed based on the number of units within a 500m radius of the proposed development. Proposals must be accompanied by sufficient information to allow for assessment of concentration and potential impacts, including information on how these uses will be managed and operated. B. In addition to the general assessment of overconcentration in Part A: (i) proposals for hot food takeaways (Sui Generis Use) will be resisted within 200m of primary and secondary schools. (ii) proposals for hot food takeaways (Sui Generis Use) will be resisted where: a. they would result in 4% or more of total units being in hot food takeaway use, in LSAs of 26 units or more; or b. they would result in two or more hot food takeaway units, in LSAs with 25 units or less. (iii) proposals for betting shops and adult gaming centres will be resisted where: a. they would result in 4% or more of total units being in betting shop/adult gaming centre use, in LSAs of 26 units or more; or b. they would result in two or more betting shop/adult gaming centre units, in LSAs with 25 units or less. (iv) proposals for betting shops or adult gaming centres in Town Centres will not be permitted where there is an existing betting shop or adult gaming centre within 200m walking distance; or where the resulting amount of betting shops and adult gaming centres would exceed 1.5% of the total units in the Town Centre. C. Where proposals for uses serving food and drink are permitted – particularly cafe/restaurant and hot food takeaway uses, and retail uses such as coffee shops and sandwich bars – a condition will be attached to require the operator to achieve, and operate in compliance with, the Healthier Catering Commitment standard. D. Where proposals for betting shops, adult gaming centre, payday loan shops, high interest 'rent-to-own' retail stores, pawnbrokers and other similar uses are permitted, conditions may be attached (where relevant) to: (i) require the display of information about local credit unions, debt advice services and/or gambling addiction charities; (ii) require the operator to sign up to, and operate in compliance with, any scheme(s) which promotes community safety and/or other good practice; and (iii) require the display of information about any applicable interest rates, fees and charges.

Meanwhile/temporary uses

A. Applications for meanwhile/temporary use of individual vacant E, F.2 or Sui Generis uses in Town Centre locations and in the CAZ will be appropriate where: (i) the temporary use sought is a retail, professional/financial service, café/restaurant, office, entertainment – such as cinema, bingo, music halls, indoor recreation, or outdoor recreation use or is a suitable community and or cultural use; (ii) the period of meanwhile/temporary permission is less than 6 months, and no more than one previous temporary permission have been granted since the last permanent occupation of the unit/building/site; (iii) potential adverse amenity impacts are prevented or mitigated; and (iv) the meanwhile/temporary use does not preclude permanent use of the site for appropriate main Town Centre uses, which includes consideration of the amount of previous temporary permissions. B. Vacant plots/sites planned for redevelopment must investigate provision of meanwhile/temporary uses prior to commencement of any redevelopment work. Any meanwhile/temporary use of such sites will be appropriate where: (i) the meanwhile/temporary use does not preclude permanent use of the site, particularly through the length of any temporary permission; (ii) the proposed meanwhile/temporary use contributes to the function of the area where it is located or meets a specific need identified by the Council; (iii) potential adverse amenity impacts are prevented or mitigated; and (iv) the proposed use meets all other Local Plan policies relevant to the use.

Angel and Upper Street

A The Angel Spatial Strategy area is partly covered by the CAZ, while the remaining part is a CAZ fringe location. B Angel Town Centre covers the majority of the Spatial Strategy area. It has a strong retail, service and leisure offer with a large number of small and independent units. Further retail, leisure and service uses are considered suitable across Angel Town Centre to support and enhance this offer and to meet the limited need for new floorspace over the plan period. Retail uses should be directed to the Town Centre in the first instance, particularly to the Primary Shopping Area, then the Upper Street LSA, in line with the sequential approach. C The Sainsbury's site (Site Allocation reference AUS6) offers an opportunity to develop a significant amount of retail and business uses and contribute to the strategic aims for retail and office uses. D Chapel Market will be strongly protected. Any development proposals must ensure that the character and function of the street market is not adversely impacted, and opportunities for improvement must be sought where appropriate, particularly with regard to the public realm to help improve the management of the market and the shops, and to make this area more accessible for pedestrians. E Camden Passage is a specialist shopping area with a significant concentration of antique, curio and vintage stores. The unique function of this area will be strongly protected. In line with protecting this function retail use, including at upper floors, will be strongly protected consistent with Policy R7. F Angel Town Centre is a designated Cultural Quarter where existing cultural uses will be protected and new cultural uses are promoted. All development proposals within the Town Centre must enhance and protect this cultural role and ensure its continued effective operation. G Night-time economy uses must be directed to the Town Centre, and demonstrate that there is no significant adverse effect on local amenity. H The Upper Street LSA should be the focus for smaller retail, leisure and service provision consistent with the existing character and function of the area. I Consistent with the CAZ/CAZ fringe location, business use is a priority land use in Angel Town Centre, and on upper floors in the rest of the Spatial Strategy area. Existing office, research and development and light industrial use will be protected and proposals for new business floorspace must maximise the provision of business floorspace, particularly in White Lion Street, Pentonville Road and upper floor locations across the Town Centre. The Sainsbury's site is a key strategic site which could deliver a significant amount of new business floorspace. J A broad range of office floorspace typologies is considered suitable within the Town Centre, including Grade A space, 'hybrid' space and co-working space. All proposals involving new and/or re-provided business floorspace must provide suitable space for SMEs. K Development in the Angel and Upper Street area must contribute to the creation of

Archway

A. Development in Archway must support the commercial function of the area, particularly the retail function of the Town Centre. Junction Road and Holloway Road act as the 'high street' within the Town Centre and further development of retail uses here, including essential services, is encouraged. Development on the central site bound by Junction Road, Vorley Road, MacDonald Road, Highgate Hill and Navigator Square must provide new office and retail floorspace. Development of other uses will only be acceptable where consistent with relevant Local Plan policies and site allocations. B. The continued operation of Archway market is supported. Expansion of the market (in terms of size or frequency of its operation) will be supported where it can be demonstrated that such expansion will enhance the vitality and viability of the Spatial Strategy area, particularly the Town Centre; and where there will be no adverse impacts on Navigator Square. C. Archway Tavern is a historic feature and a focal point of the Town Centre. The Council supports the continued lawful public house use and will resist any change of use. D. Night-time economy uses must be directed to the Town Centre. Such uses will only be supported where adverse amenity impacts are prevented/mitigated, particularly in relation to uses which intend to serve alcohol. E. Existing business floorspace will be protected and proposals that result in a net loss of business floorspace in the Town Centre will be resisted. Development proposals for new business floorspace, particularly SMEs and/or light industrial floorspace which supports the areas cultural offer or other local institutions such as the Whittington Hospital, will be encouraged. F. Improvements to Archway station are supported, including entrance level accessibility improvements and provision of active frontages. New retail units should be provided as part of station entrance improvements and, where appropriate, active frontages should be provided on Junction Road and Navigator Square. G. The Upper Holloway and Highgate Hill LSAs complement the Town Centre, providing accessible local services for residents in the mainly residential areas surrounding the Town Centre. Smaller-scale retail development is encouraged within these LSAs. H. Housing will come forward on sites allocated for housing, on upper floors within the town centre as well as windfall sites within the wider area. I. It is anticipated that St. Pancras Mental Health Hospital (which is currently located in King's Cross) will be moving to part of the site currently occupied by the ancillary buildings of Whittington Hospital. This will provide an important social infrastructure use in the Archway Spatial Strategy Area and in the borough as a whole. J. The Council will promote and support the use of Navigator Square for public events where there are no adverse impacts on its key open space function. K. Public realm and road safety improvements along Junction Road will be encouraged. Development must contribute to the creation of a high quality environment that is accessible to all residents, employees and visitors, including through improvement of public transport capacity and experience. New development should provide good connectivity for pedestrians and cyclists, and good permeability through sites (where relevant). L. Three sites in the Spatial Strategy area have been identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings over 30 metres. M. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 580 homes and 8,300sqm of office space over the plan period.

Nag's Head and Holloway

A. Nag's Head Town Centre is an important retail area. Retail uses will be maintained and enhanced within the Town Centre, particularly within the Primary Shopping Area. B. Increased night-time economy and leisure uses are encouraged in the Town Centre, particularly outside the Primary Shopping Area and also as part of new development. C. Smaller scale retail provision may be acceptable in the three LSAs that fall within the Spatial Strategy boundary – Cardwell Terrace, Hillmarton Terrace and part of Lower Holloway. D. Seven Sisters Road has some of the highest concentrations of betting shops/takeaways in the borough. Further uses which add to this overconcentration will be resisted. E. The Holloway Prison site is the key local housing site which will help to meet identified housing need in the borough. The site will provide, inter alia, high levels of genuinely affordable housing, community uses including a women's building/centre and publicly accessible green open space. F. Morrison's supermarket and its adjacent car park is the key opportunity site for the retention and enhancement of retail provision in the Town Centre in the longer term, as well as for the delivery of a significant amount of residential and office floorspace on the upper floors, subject to amenity issues being addressed in line with the agent-of-change principle. Other Town Centre uses may be appropriate as part of redevelopment of the site, including night-time economy uses such as restaurants. Existing site permeability through to Seven Sisters Road and the Nag's Head market must be maintained and retail user amenity should be improved. Enhancements to the covered market are encouraged where they fit with the wider function of the area and do not lead to adverse amenity impacts. Public open space should be provided to act as a focal point for the Town Centre. G. Markets are encouraged within the Spatial Strategy area, such as the weekly market on the Grafton Primary School site. H. New office floorspace will be encouraged to support diversity in the local economy. Conversion of upper floors above retail units to office floorspace will be considered appropriate where there are no adverse impacts on the ongoing operation of ground floor retail and safe, secure access is provided. I. The London Metropolitan University will continue to play an important role in contributing to the local economy. Space for learning should be consolidated and improved within the university campus. Additional accommodation for students will only be allowed where consistent with Policy H6. J. Public realm and environmental improvements throughout the Town Centre will be strongly encouraged. K. The Seven Sisters Road, Isledon Road/Tollington Road gyratory system will be removed if feasible in the long term. Removal of the gyratory system will need to consider and mitigate any significant adverse impacts on existing residents and businesses. A cycle route linking Camden and Tottenham Hale along Seven Sisters Road will be supported. A junction improvement incorporating a cycle route link between Sussex Way to Hornsey Road will be progressed. Junction improvements to Seven Sisters Road/Holloway Road, Hornsey Road/Seven Sisters Road and Holloway Road/Tollington Road/Camden Road will be prioritised. L. The heritage assets of the area will be protected and enhanced where specific proposals come forward. The key listed buildings are the Holloway Odeon cinema and 458-462 Holloway Road. Other notable buildings include the former Jones Brothers tower and 67-83 Seven Sisters Road. M. Five sites in the Spatial Strategy area have been identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings over 30 metres. N. Housing will come forward on sites allocated for housing, on upper floors within the town centre as well as windfall sites within the wider area. O. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 1,530 homes and 22,000sqm of office space over the plan period.

Finsbury Park

A. Finsbury Park is a District Town Centre with a Primary Shopping Area covering parts of Fonthill Road and parts of Stroud Green Road, Blackstock Road and Seven Sisters Road. A diverse range of shops within the area should be maintained, so that the overall retail offer can cater for the needs of different sections of the community. B. Development in the Town Centre must maintain the predominant commercial role of the area, with specific focus on retail and services on ground floors. These uses must be directed to the Town Centre in the first instance, then the Seven Sisters Road LSA. C. The Specialist Shopping Area at Fonthill Road is a unique agglomeration of specialist clothing stores which adds significant value to the character and vitality of the Town Centre and wider area. This specialist shopping role must be strongly protected and enhanced. In line with protecting this function retail use, including at upper floors, will be strongly protected consistent with Policy R7. D. Finsbury Park has potential to develop as an important location for additional business uses to supplement the provision in the CAZ, due to its excellent transport links to Central London and to the wider South East, and its relatively low rents. In order to realise this potential, diminution of office, research and development, light industrial, B2 and/or B8 uses will be resisted and further intensification of these uses, particularly units suitable for SME occupation and light industrial 'maker space', will be strongly encouraged. E. Housing will come forward on sites allocated for housing, on upper floors within the town centre (outside of the Specialist Shopping Area) as well as windfall sites within the wider area. F. Development of a street market will be supported, particularly on Fonthill Road, where it can be demonstrated that such expansion will enhance the vitality and viability of the area. G. Finsbury Park has a rich offer of community uses and cultural spaces, which reflect its diverse and vibrant community. Development within Finsbury Park should seek to protect and enhance this community-based cultural and entertainment offer. H. Leisure and night-time economy uses are a strong feature of the area, with a particularly distinct food scene. Strengthening the role of the area as a food destination is supported. Additional leisure and night-time economy uses must be directed to the Town Centre. Development proposals must ensure that adverse amenity impacts are prevented/mitigated. I. Music venues are synonymous with the character of the area. Existing venues will be strongly protected and development of new music venues is supported. J. Finsbury Park is one of the busiest transport interchanges in London outside Zone 1. New tunnels will connect the Thameslink service from Finsbury Park to London St. Pancras and provide increased connectivity to the wider South East of England. In order to absorb this increased rail capacity, the Council will work with relevant stakeholders – including Transport for London (TfL) – to identify further improvements to make the station fit for purpose; this should include fully step-free access. Options for enhancement/redevelopment of the station should explore options for intensification of development above the station. K. Development must contribute to the creation of a high quality environment that is accessible to all residents, employees and visitors. New development should provide good connectivity for pedestrians and cyclists and should improve permeability and legibility within and across the Town Centre. In particular, access to retail areas such as Fonthill Road and to Finsbury Park itself should be improved. L. Joint working with TfL will be undertaken to improve the pedestrian environment along Seven Sisters Road. There will be improved walking and cycling routes through the Finsbury Park area to Highbury Corner linking with wider routes into central London, to encourage walking and cycling for local residents, London Metropolitan University students and visitors to the Emirates Stadium. M. The area's key heritage assets include the Grade II* listed former Rainbow Theatre and the Grade II listed Church of St. Mark with St. Anne, which contribute significantly to Finsbury Park's character and townscape and will be protected and enhanced. Development proposals must also conserve or enhance heritage assets including those in neighbouring boroughs where impacted. N. Four sites in the Spatial Strategy area have been identified as potentially suitable for tall buildings over 30 metres. O. Site Allocations within the Spatial Policy Area are expected to deliver 290 homes and 20,200sqm of office space over the plan period.

Enhancing the public realm and sustainable transport

A. A coherent and inclusive public realm, in conjunction with effective transport, are key elements of ensuring delivery of the Local Plan objectives. All development proposals must take into account the link between land use, transport accessibility and connectivity, and promoting journeys by physically active means, like walking or cycling (known as active travel). Applicants must provide appropriate information to allow proper assessment of transport impacts and show how these impacts can be addressed, as set out in Appendix 3. B. The design of developments, including building design and internal layout, site layout, public realm and the provision of transport infrastructure, must prioritise practical, safe and convenient access and use by sustainable transport modes, namely walking, cycling and public transport and must include accessible parking provision. Private vehicle use, other than that required by Blue Badge holders, will be restricted in Islington as far as possible, as it is not sustainable and is a key cause of emissions and congestion. C. Freight, logistics and delivery vehicles may be acceptable forms of vehicular transport to enable the functioning of development where appropriate, according to the principles and requirements set out in this policy. D. All new development will be car-free, which will contribute to the strategic aim for a modal shift to sustainable transport modes. Private motor vehicles, including electric vehicles and motorcycles, will not be accommodated as part of new development in the borough and are not a priority form of transport. E. Transport developments are encouraged to adopt a design-led approach to recognise the role of streets as places.

Sustainable Transport Choices

A. Development proposals must demonstrate that negative impacts on the safe and efficient operation of existing and planned improvements of sustainable transport infrastructure – e.g. the public realm, cycle lanes (including the TfL Strategic Cycle network or lanes feeding into this network), bus routes/stops – are mitigated/prevented. B. All pedestrian and cycling infrastructure and facilities are required to be designed in accordance with relevant guidance and/or best practice standards. C. The use of shared space to jointly meet the needs of motorised traffic, walking and cycling will be resisted where it involves a single surface. Shared spaces may be acceptable where it has been demonstrated that they deliver logical, legible, inclusive and safe environments that respond to their context. D. All new developments in the borough must be designed to incentivise walking by: (i) delivering high quality public realm improvements that are secure, safe, legible, inclusive and create permeable environments; (ii) resisting proposals that have a negative effect on public realm; (iii) ensuring that pedestrian crossings are convenient and avoiding (where appropriate) complex and/or long pedestrian crossings and unnecessary pedestrian guardrails; and (iv) ensuring safe, convenient and continuous routes for pedestrians that follow desire lines and form networks. E. All new developments in the borough must be designed to incentivise cycling by: (i) ensuring safe, convenient and continuous routes for cyclists that follow desire lines and form networks; (ii) demonstrating that there are no road safety conflicts between pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles entering, parking and/or servicing the development. Cyclist entrances to buildings, cycle stores and parking must be safe and convenient for all and cycle lanes must be demarcated from other pedestrian and road traffic; (iii) providing cycle parking and associated circulation space for ease of use of cycle parking, in accordance with Appendix 4; and (iv) providing inclusive and accessible end-of-trip facilities for cyclists, at a level proportionate to the size of the development and the required level of cycle parking. F. The Council will work in partnership with TfL, the bus and rail operators, developers and other relevant agencies/stakeholders in order to: (i) implement measures to give buses priority over other private motor vehicles (including continuous bus priority measures along whole route corridors); (ii) create and enhance the public realm around bus and rail stations to improve pedestrian/public transport user and cycling experience; (iii) ensure network infrastructure and service improvements increase access (including step free access), capacity and public transport interchange improvements to local bus, rail and tube stations; (iv) develop the network of services to meet the travel needs of local residents and businesses; and (v) ensure that bus stops and bus stopping areas are well located and designed, accessible and comfortable for all. G. Developments which involve the ongoing use of private vehicles are likely to cause adverse impacts on the sustainable transport network and undermine the car-free policy aims to reduce congestion and vehicle emissions. Planning applications for developments involving the ongoing use of a private vehicle(s) – regardless of whether parking is provided in line with Policy T3 – will only be approved where: (i) clear and compelling evidence is provided to demonstrate that use of a vehicle(s) is essential for the use to function effectively (e.g. Use Class B8 storage and distribution uses); (ii) the applicant can demonstrate that the transport impacts of the development have been satisfactorily mitigated, including consideration of potential for obstruction of the public realm and sustainable transport infrastructure; (iii) it can be demonstrated that the use of private vehicles has been minimised; and (iv) opportunities for using more sustainable alternative modes of transport are maximised as part of the design of a proposal.

Car-free development

A. All new development will be car free. Residential Parking (including C3 and non-C3 residential use) B. Vehicle parking or waiting for essential drop-off and accessible parking will be permitted for new homes. This does not include applications for vehicle parking within a site, the planning unit and/or within the curtilage of existing residential properties, including any undercroft or basement parking. Unless exceptional circumstances can be demonstrated, no parking permits will be issued to occupiers of these new homes. Non-Residential Parking C. Parking will be allowed for non-residential developments where this is essential for operational requirements and therefore integral to the nature of the business or service (e.g. Use Class B8 storage and distribution uses). In such cases, parking will be permitted where an essential need has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Council and where the provision of parking would not conflict with other Council policies. Normal staff parking will not be considered essential and will not be permitted. D. Essential drop-off or essential operational parking considered acceptable in line with Parts B or C must: (i) be off-street and located to be accessible and convenient in relation to the development; (ii) not impede pedestrian and cycle movements; (iii) provide an accessible route from the parking space to the development; and (iv) provide electric vehicle charging points. E. Where on-street drop-off or other essential parking is proposed, details must be submitted to demonstrate the need for on-street provision and to show that arrangements will be safe and will not cause a traffic obstruction or nuisance. Electric vehicle charging points must be provided where parking is justified; charging points must be located within the parking space or carriageway and must not obstruct pavements or cause other adverse public realm impacts. F. Planning applications for uses that require coach parking will only be permitted where the coach parking would not give rise to adverse impacts on road safety and congestion. Coach parking must be provided on-site, unless the applicant can identify an alternative location which satisfies the Council in terms of road safety and congestion and other relevant planning matters. Such locations must not be directly outside the main entrance of developments and must not be at the expense of space provided to facilitate other sustainable modes of transport including buses. Accessible parking G. Accessible parking spaces must be provided based on 10% of the total residential units/bedspaces proposed (for residential proposals); or one accessible parking space per 33 employees (for employment development). For other uses, the number of accessible spaces must be proportionate to the number of building users. Spaces will only be made available for Blue Badge holders who live or work in the development linked to the parking space. The Council will require accessible parking spaces to be located on-street and identified on plan. The cost of provision of parking spaces will be secured by a Section 106 legal agreement to enable the Council to install the accessible parking spaces as and when demand materialises from Blue Badge occupiers/employees. Spaces will generally not be required to be physically provided where this demand has not materialised. Where it is not possible to deliver designated spaces on street, for example due to insufficient space or issues with amending Traffic Management Orders, a financial contribution should be made towards investment in other accessible or sustainable transport initiatives where appropriate. Car Clubs H. The Council will support the provision of car clubs, including the provision of accessible car club parking spaces and/or contributions towards the provision of car clubs in the vicinity of the development, where appropriate. Car club vehicles must be 'clean', i.e. it must be powered by alternative fuels to minimise harmful impacts on the environment. Car Parks I. Proposals for, or including, new public car parks (and other motor vehicle public parking, including for coaches) will be refused. Redevelopment of existing car parks is strongly encouraged. Proposals for the redevelopment of existing car parks (public or private) for a different use will be subject to the car-free restriction within this policy. The artificial separation of sites to remove existing on-site parking areas (public or private) from the boundary of an application for the purposes of retaining car parking spaces will not be considered acceptable. All parking related to the existing use and/or building which is the subject of the application must be included as part of the application site. Electric vehicles J. Electric vehicles are not exempt from the car-free policy. However, the Council will require the provision of on-street charging points for vehicles where any parking is provided.

Public realm

A. All development proposals must engage positively with the public realm and must ensure that the public realm: (i) is permeable, legible and designed with regard to pedestrian and cycle desire lines; (ii) provides for the safety and convenience of all users, including those with mobility, sensory and or cognitive impairments; (iii) increases natural surveillance, including through the provision of adequate lighting; (iv) contributes to the quality and quantity of green infrastructure; and (v) promotes positive behaviours and social activities and encourages a diverse range of users to make use of space and facilities available. B. Any remodelling of the public realm and/or streets, through a stand-alone proposal or as part of a wider development proposal, must be based on a contextual appraisal and the findings of a Route:Place analysis. All proposals must be designed in accordance with the Streetbook SPD and must maximise opportunities to deliver other policy objectives. C. Street surface material(s) must: (i) be durable and non-slip in all weather conditions; (ii) be permeable to avoid exacerbating flood risk; (iii) be contextual and reflect and enhance the character of particular areas; and (iv) enhance the quality of the surrounding architecture. D. Privately Owned Public Spaces (POPS) must provide a detailed management plan which sets out how the space will be used and managed. Management plans must detail how the space can be utilised by a range of users; and how the space contributes to mixed and balanced communities. POPS must operate indistinguishably from public space. Adherence to management plans will be secured through legal agreement. E. Free, publicly available provision of unisex accessible toilet, baby change and drinking water facilities should be provided within easy reach of any new or enhanced public realm where users are encouraged to dwell. F. Design of the public realm must take into account Hostile Vehicle Mitigation measures, ensuring that the correct level of protection is provided without imposing unnecessary restrictions on people using the public realm in the area.

Delivery, servicing and construction

A. Delivery and Servicing Plans will be required for developments that may impact on the operation of the public highway, private roads, the public realm and/or the amenity of residents and businesses, by virtue of likely vehicle movements. These plans must demonstrate how safe, clean and efficient deliveries and servicing have been facilitated and any potential impacts will be mitigated. Delivery and Servicing Plans will be required to assess the ongoing freight impact of the development and minimise and mitigate the impacts of this on the transport system. Use of low-emission vehicles and efficient and sustainable delivery systems which minimise motorised vehicle trips is encouraged. B. Proposed delivery and servicing arrangements must: (i) be provided off street wherever feasible, particularly for commercial developments over 200sqm GEA; (ii) make optimal use of development sites; (iii) demonstrate that servicing and delivery vehicles can enter and exit the site in forward gear; (iv) submit sufficient information detailing the delivery and servicing needs of developments, including demonstration that all likely adverse impacts have been thoroughly assessed and mitigated/prevented. This includes impact on the amenity of local residents and businesses, for example, vehicle noise impacts from idling and reversing warning mechanisms and impacts due to the size of delivery vehicles; (v) provide delivery and servicing bays